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Glycolysis
- can happen w/o oxygen
- cytosol
- reactants- glucose, 2 ADP, 2 NAD+
- products-2 pyruvate, 4 ATP 2NADH
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
- anaerobic
- animals/bacterium
- muscle cells
- reactants- 2 pyruvic acids, 2NADH
- products- 2NAD+, 2 Lactic Acids
- 2ADP + 2P ---> 2 ATP
- makes energy entirely from glycolysis
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Alcoholic Fermentation
- anaerobic
- plants/fungi
- reactants- 2 pyruvic acids, 2 NADH
- products- 2 ethanol, 2 CO2, 2 NAD+
- ATP entirely from glycolysis
- 2ADP + 2P --->2 ATP
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Glycolysis process
- 1. glucose adds 2 phosphates(phosphorylates)
- 2. 2ATP--> 2ADP
- 3. glucose splits into 2 carbon sugar w/ 1 phosphate
- 4. NAD+ comes and oxidizes glucose that is split
- 5. free phosphates added
- 6. 2 ADP/carbon
- 7. ADP + P= ATP = 4 ATP
- 8. leaves 2 (3 carbon molecules)= 2 pyruvate
- 2 ATP net
- BPG and PGAL
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Link/ Transition Process/ Grooming Phase
- mitochondria matrix
- 1. NAD+ oxidizes pyruvate forms NADH
- 2. 1 carbon lost to form coenzyme-A from both pyruvates = 2 CO2
- 3. 2 oxidized pyruvates= 2 acetyl-CoA=2 (2 carbon + coenzyme A)
- Acetyl-CoA formed
- 0 ATP produced
- 2CO2 released
- 2 NADH
- CO2 decarboxylates
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Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle
- mitochondrial matrix
- 1. 4 carbons waiting; acetyl-CoA joins
- 6 carbon oxidized by NAD+---> NADH x 2
- 2. 2 CO2 produced ---> 4 carbons left= ADP + P-->ATP
- 3. 4 C oxidize by NAD+ and FADH---> NADH and FADH2
- 4. still 4C + acetyl CoA; looks like Acetyl-CoA
- happens 2x; 1 for each pyruvate
- 2 ATP produced
- 4 CO2 produced
- 6 NADH produced
- 2 FADH2 produced
- acetyl CoA(high potential energy) to Coenzyme A --> citrate
- oxaloacetate(lowest potential energy) + acetyl CoA
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ETC/ oxidative phosphorylation
- inner membrane(cristae)
- protein in a row
- e- from NADH pass through proteins
- e- from FADH2 pass through 2 proteins
- both pump out H+ ions into inter membrane space
- protons return through ATP Synthase- makes 32 ATP from protons
- 6 O2 molecules get e- and combine w/ H+ to form 6 H2O
- made up from chemiosis and oxidative phosphorylation
- 34 ATP produced
- 0 CO2 produced
- 10 NADH used/oxidized
- 2 FADH2 used
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Energy investment
first 5 steps of glycolysis
-
Energy yielding
- last 5 steps in glycolysis
- first step of fermentation
-
Fermentation occurs...
to regenerate NAD+ needed to keep glycolysis going
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# of ATP produced via electron transport phosph.(adding phosphate)
- NADH: 30
- FADH2: 4
- Total: 34
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# of ATP produced via substrate level phosph.
- 2- glycolysis
- 2- krebs
- total- 4
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