Test Questions

endotoxins are part of the outer portion of the gram negative cell wall they are made up from the lipid part of LPS.. Exotoxins are proteins that are produced inside the bacterium which release in the surrounding medium

• cytotoxins-kill host cells or effect their function
• neurotoxins- interfere with nerve impulses
• enterotoxins- effects cells in the gastrointestinal tract

antibodies produced by the the body against exotoxins

inactivated exotoxins injected into the body to produce immunity

sweat contains lysozyme and enyzme that can  break down gram positive cell wall this enyzme is also found in tears, saliva, nasal and tissue fluids

produced by the sebaceous glands forms  protective film over surface of skin low ph discourages bacterial growth

group of structure that manufacturers and drain away tears, keeps microbes from collecting on the surface of the eye

Washes a microbes in mouth and washes from the surface of teeth

the host and microbiota living together

if one benefits and the other isn't harmed

are organisms which do not normally cause disease if the person is weakened

presence of bacteria of the blood that multiply

spread of disease by direct or indirect contact or by droplet transmission.

spread to susceptible host through a non living object which is called a fomite

mucus droplets spread a short distance by talking, sneezing,  coughing

transmission of disease agents by a medium such as food water or air more than 1 meter...

animals which carry pathogens form one host to another ex arthoropods

the fraction of a population that contracts the disease during a particular time period

fractions of a populations having the disease at a specified time

occurs only occasionally

constantly present

many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a short period of time

world wide epidemci

b cells in the blood marrow and t cells  thymus

subjective changes in body function pain malaise not observable

objective changes that can be viewed and observed

a group of symptoms or signs which may always accompany a particular disease

c-disease is disease which spreads from one host to another

nc- not spread form host to host .. opportunistic infections caused by normal flora

circular dna of the cytoplasm which can carry virulence factors for lysogenic phages.. lysogenic phages are incorporated in the cell wall

• defenses that protect against any pathogen regardless of species .. 2 lines of defense first skin and mucos membrane.
• second phagocytes inflammation and fever

immunity 3rd line of defense effective against particular pathogens

organisms or substances that provoke an immune response

• the immune response involves antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
•  antigens and immune response are non self

proteins made in response to an antigen each antibody has 2 identical sites for binding antigens

are the most antibodies in serum  can cross the placenta

is the largest with the shortest life .. enhances phagacytosis first antibody to appear in response to antigen exposure antigens will be acute

anibodies that produce the cells that cause allergic reaction .. attaches to the cells and produce histamine

act as antigen receptors for be cells, found in blood and lymph

period of sweating indicates that temperature is falling

It is produced by bacteria break down firbrin and dissolve clots formed by the body to isolate infections

penetration defense the kills body cells

penetration defense that decreases body temperature

penertration defense that detroys plasma membrane

penertration defense scavenges iron from body fluids

uses living but weakened microbes can acheive lifelong effects

only antigenic fragments for a microorganisms  are safer since they cannot reproduce int the receipent

vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides  best for childred