what are the two types of radiographic contrast agents
positive and negative
what is negative contrast agents
what appearance is negative contrast
what are two examples of negative contrast
Negative : decreases organ density to produce contrast
Two types:
Carbon dioxide
Air
Complication = injection of air into the blood stream, producing an air embolus.
Negative contrast gives a black (like air) appearance on an image
what is positive contrast and list two examples
Positive: increases organ density and improves radiographic visualization. Positive contrast agents create a density difference such as white or opaque appearance on the image.
Two types:
Barium
Iodinated contrasts
does positive and negative contrast agents cause adverse effects
yes
what is the most frequently chosen positive contrast
what color is it
barium sulfate
White or pink, crystalline powder that is mixed with water to make a suspension
when scheduling a diagnostic imaging exam. images that do not require contrast media should be imaged first
T or F
true
an examination that requires a patient to fast for 8 hours or more should be scheduled when
early in the morning
what is the patient preparation for studies of the lower GI tract
strict diet
liquids 24 hours prior
laxative and cleansing enemas
patient on special medication advised by physician
cleansing enemas to be used is ordered by whom
physician
the most frequently used cleansing enemas are :
Saline enema
Hypertonic enema
Oil-retention enema
Tap water enema
Soap suds enema
Self-administered enema
what is the term for creating dehydration
what is the term for creating fluid toxicity
hyperosmolar
hyposmolar
cleansing enemas can influence _____ and _____ balance in the body to varying degrees because they each have a different degree of osmolarity, which influences the movement of fluids between the colon and the interstitial spaces beyond the intestinal wall
fluid and electrolyte
what is double contrast or single contrast
Studies performed to diagnose pathological conditions of the lower GI tract use a combination of barium and air or carbon dioxide
single contrast barium alone
why do we perform BE's
is performed to diagnose pathological conditions of the lower GI tract, primarily colon cancer
what is done to protect peritonitis
If there is a possibility of disease or perforation of the lower GI, a water soluble iodinated contrast agent is used
what is used intravenously to reduce gastric mobility before
anticholinergic drug or “glucagon”
what are some symptoms of patients who undergo an exam of lower GI
Uncomfortable
Pain (in some cases)
High anxiety
Embarrassed
Fear
Abdominal cramping
will a patient feel more or less discomfort while doing a double air contrast study
more discomfort
before we remove the enema tip we must do waht
deflate the cuff
what is a stoma
what diseases require stomas
created by bringing a loop of bowel to the skin surface of the abdomen.
Cancer
Diverticulitis
Ulcerative colitis
Traumatic injuries
never place a s patient with a stoma in the ___ position because this cause damage to the patient
prone
what is a colostomy and ileostomy
opening from the colon
opening from the ileum
why do we perform upper GI series
can the patient chew gum or smoke
They are performed to diagnose pathology of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small intestines.
no
if perforation or an obstruction occurs during the process what is used to compenasate
iodinated contrast
how many oz of barium is consumed by the patient for a UGI
what does the fluoro unit show while the patient is drinking
what two types of barium is used for a UGI
12 oz
contours the upper gi and outlines peristalsis
thick and thin
what does sbft stand for and its aka
small bowel follow through
small bowel series
what is NPO and meaning
what are some factors a patient must do before a UGI and SBFT
