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Learning
a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
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Adaptability
our capacity to learn new behaviors that enable us to cope with changing circumstances
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How do we learn?
Association, Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning and Observation
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Association
our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
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Classical conditioning
we learn to associate two stimuli, in order to anticipate events that will follow (e.g. bell sounding before a certain stumil takes place, we become accustomed to the after stimulation after hearing a bell)
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Respondent behavior—
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus (conditioned or unconditioned)
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____'s work provided a basis for later behaviorists like John Watson and B. F. Skinner. Behaviorists focus on ____.
Pavlov’s, observable behavior
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Unconditioned response (UR)
naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
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Unconditioned stimulus (UR)
naturally and automatically elicits a response
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Conditioned response (CR)
learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
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Conditioned stimulus (CS)—
an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response by being associated with an unconditioned stimulus
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Acquisition—
the initial stage in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place.
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Why is Timing is important when dealing with Acqusition?
In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the neutral stimulus needs to come before the unconditioned stimulus.
•The time in between the two stimuli should be about half a second.
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Extinction
- When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR
- (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes extinction
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Spontaneous Recovery
After a rest- period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously
recovers- in weakened form.
But if the CS- (tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again.
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Stimulus Generalization
- Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS is
- called
generalization. Pavlov conditioned the dog’s salivation (CR) by using- miniature vibrators (CS) on the thigh. When he subsequently stimulated other
- parts of the dog’s body, salivation dropped
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Pavlov’s Legacy
- Pavlov’s greatest contribution to psychology is
- isolating elementary behaviors from more complex ones through objective
- scientific procedures
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Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various
animals could be reduced to ______ ____.
mindless mechanisms.
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later behaviorists suggested that animals learn the
predictability of a stimulus, meaning they learn ____ or ____ of a stimulus.
expectancy or awareness
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Classical conditioning, AKA Pavlovian
conditioning
- type of learning in which a response naturally
- provoked by one stimulus comes to be provoked by a different, formerly neutral
- stimulus
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Conditioned
Responses Over Time: Extinction and
Spontaneous Recovery
explain with dog experiment
If Pavlov had stopped giving the dogs food- after ringing the bell, eventually, they would stop drooling to the sound of
- the bell. This is known as extinction
If Pavlov had then gone back to dogs whose- conditioned response of drooling had been extinguished, and again started
- giving them food after the bell rang, he would have seen reconditioning
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extinction
- gradual disappearance of a
- conditional response when a conditional stimulus no longer predicts appearance
- of the unconditioned stimulus
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Spontaneous
recovery
- the reappearance of the conditioned response
- after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and
- unconditioned stimuli
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Stimulus
generalization
- a
- phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are
- similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus
- Might drool to a similar bell
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Stimulus
discrimination
- a process
- through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and
- respond appropriately to each one
- Ex. babies crying; there is a cry when they are hungry,
- angry, and in pain
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Describe Biological Predisposition according to slides
- Some associations are more quickly learned than others.
- Nausea and the taste of food
- Fear of spiders, snakes
- Why?
- Ecologically relevant—similar to how stimuli are associated in the natural environment
- Evolutionarily adaptive
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Operant
Conditioning
- a type of learning in which a behavior is
- strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by a punisher
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Law
of effect
- —rewarded behavior is
- likely to recur
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______ forms
associations between stimuli (CS and US). Operant conditioning, on the other
hand, forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events
Classical conditioning
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Shaping
- reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target
- behavior through
successive approximations.
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Reinforcement
- any
- event that strengthens or increases the frequency of the preceding response
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Positive reinforcement
- strengthens a response by presenting a (usually) pleasurable stimulus
Strength of reinforcement varies with circumstances
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Negative reinforcement
strengthens a- response by removing an aversive stimulus
Not punishment!
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Primary
Reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink.
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Conditioned
Reinforcer
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Immediate
Reinforcer
- A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior. A
- rat gets a food pellet for a bar press
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