Chemistry

the fundamental model of particle behavior in the gas phase

a law stating that the volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure exerted if the temperature and number of moles of a gas are constant

a gas in which the particles do not interact and the volume of the individual gas particles is assumed to be negligible

a law stating that for an ideal gas the product of pressure and volume is proportional to the product of the number of moles of the gas and its temperature; the proportionality constant for an ideal gas is symbolized by R

the force per unit area

a law stating that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas, assuming that the pressure and number of moles of gas are constant

an equation that describes the behavior of far gas when volume, pressure, and temperature may change simultaneously

a law that states that the volume is directly proportional the the number of moles of gas particles, assuming that the pressure and temperature are constant

a solid with no organized, regular structure

a device for measuring pressure

the conversion of a gas to a liquid

a collection of atoms held together by covalent bonding

a solid having a regular repeating atomic structure

also called the law of partial pressures; states that the total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases

attractive forces between polar molecules

the conversion of a liquid to a gas below the boiling point of the liquid

the attractive fore between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom and another atom containing an unshared pair of electrons

a solid composed of positive and negative ions in a regular three-dimensional crystalline arrangement

weak attractive forces between molecules that result from short-lived dipoles that occur because of the continuous movement of electrons in the molecules

the volume occupied by 1 mole of a substance

the pressure exerted by one component of a gas mixture

a process whereby some molecules in the solid state convert directly to the gaseous state

a measure of the strength of the attractive forces at the surface of a liquid

a measure of the resistance to flow of a substance at constant temperature

any solution in which the solvent is water

a property of a solution that is dependent only on the concentration of solute particles

a heterogeneous mixture of solute particles in a solvent; distribution of solute particles is not uniform because of the size of the particles

a measure of the quantity of a substance contained in a specified volume of solution

region where concentration decreases over distance

the removal of waste material via transport across a membrane

net movement of solute or solvent molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

a material that dissolves in water to produce a solution that conducts an electrical current

the number of grams of an ion corresponding to Avogadro's number of electrical charges

a law stating that the number of moles of a gas dissolved in a liquid at a given temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas

the more concentrated solution of 2

the more dilute solution of 2

same solute concentration of 2 solutions

a substance that, when dissolved in water, produces a solution that does not conduct an electrical current

net flow of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient

the net force with which water enters a solution through a semipermeable membrane

a component of a solution that is present in lesser quantity than the solvent

a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

the solution component that is present in the largest quantity

the arrangement of atoms at the top of the potential energy barrier as a reaction proceeds

the threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction

the measurement of heat energy changes during a chemical reaction

the state that exists when the rate of change in the concentration of products and reactants is equal, resulting in no net concentration change

a chemical or physical change in which energy is absorbed

term that represents heat energy

the measure of the statistical distribution of energy in a system

a chemical or physical change that releases energy

the combined contribution of entropy and enthalpy for a chemical reaction

the amount of energy derived from a given mass of material

the energy transferred between a system and its surrounding due to a temperature difference between system and surroundings

the study of rates of chemical reactions

a law stating that when a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the equilibrium shifts in the direction that minimizes the disturbance

equivalent to 1 kilocalorie

the proportionality constant relates the rate of a reaction and the concentration of reactants

expresses the rate of a reaction in terms of reactant concentration and a rate constant

a reaction that will proceed in either direction, reactants to products or products to reactants

the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g or a substance of 1 degree Celsius

the branch of science that deals with the relationship between energies of systems, work, and heat