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List components of a thorough physical exam in the foal (8-24 hrs of life)
- TRP
- eyes
- oral cavity
- auscult heart and lungs
- umbilical cord
- evaluate all four limbs
- nursing attitude and effort
- urine and bowel movements: meconium
- CBC
- general chemistry panel
- IgG test
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Colostrum is the foal's source of __________ _______ until their own immune system begins to function.
passive immunity
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Colostrum should be consumed within __-__ hrs of birth. ______ ________ at 24hrs
-
Imprint training offers and opportunity to permanently mold a _______ __________.
horse's personality
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What are some common newborn problems
- Persistent patent urachus
- Omphalophlebitis- infected naval cord "joint ill"
- Neonatal bacterial septicemia "septic foal"
- Neonatal madadjustment syndrome "dummy foal"
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What equipment is needed for a uterine culture
- OB glove/rectal sleeve
- vaginal speculum and light source
- sterile water soluble lubricant
- uterine culture swab
- culture medium or transport tube
-
What supplies are needed for uterine infusion?
- OB glove/rectal sleeve
- vaginal speculum and light source
- sterile water soluble lubricant
- disposable uterine infusion pipette
- fluid line
- sterile 60ml syringe
- infusion fluids
-
What is the purpose of a uterine biopsy? How is the biopsy graded?
- To evaluate the histological condition of the endometrium.
- Grade 1 (no problems) 2 ( 50% fertility) 3 (25% fertility)
-
What are three indications of uterine infusion?
- Tx of uterine infection
- routine flushing
- postbreeding
-
What are the two main indications to perform a Caslick's operation?
- Tx of pnuemovagina
- Infertility caused by infection on the genital tract
-
List some assisted reproductive techniques
- cooled or frozen semen breeding
- embryo transfer
- follicle recovery
- ICSI: intracytoplasmic sperm injection
-
The embryo is flushed from the donor mare __-__ days post ovulation.
7-9 days
-
The embryo is transferred to the recipient mare within __-__ of flushing.
12-24 hrs
-
Sites of venipuncture in horses
- jugular
- cephalic
- lateral thoracic
- saphenous
- coccygeal
-
Sites of arterial blood collection in horses
- transverse facial artery
- dorsal metatarsal artery
- coccygeal artery
-
Blood gas analysis can determine what?
- oxygen content
- co2 content
- pH
-
Arterial blood gas samples must be run within:
10 mins - 1.5 hrs of collection
-
Three indications for abdominocentesis
- abdominal disease
- GI/non GI origin
- chronic weight loss
-
Indications for athrocentesis
- Disease of joint
- Tendon sheath/ bursal disease
-
CSF is produced by
ependymal cells
-
What are the two collection sites for a CSF tap?
- Atlantooccipital space
- Lumbosacral space
-
Indications for thoracocntesis
- pleural cavity disease
- lung disease
- some cardiac/ neoplastic diseases
-
3 indications for an NG tube
- deliver meds directly to the stomach
- to relieve gas and reflux in the stomach
- to relieve a choke
-
What are three cautions of placing a NG tube
- confirm tube is placed in esophagus, not trachea
- turbinates are fragile and bleed easily
- never place without lubrication
-
List common sites for an IM injection in the horse
- SM/ST
- Neck
- Pectoral
- Buttocks
-
List sites for IV injections in the horse:
- Jugular
- Lateral thoracic
- Metatarsal
- Coccygeal
-
What is the typical location for a microchip?
Halfway between withers and polls about 1 1/2 inches below breast of the neck, in the nuchal ligament
-
Where are lip tatoos placed in the horse?
mucosal side of upper lip.
-
When trimming hoofs, what direction should you start and finish?
begin at the toe and move to quarters to heel. The bottom of the hoof should be concave and edges should be rounded in.
-
What equipment can be used in trimming hoofs?
- hoof knippers
- hoof rasp
- clinch setter
- farrier hammer
- nail pullers
- shoe pullers
-
indications of a subpalpebral lavage system
- longterm ocular medications
- for patients who resist ocular medications
-
What are some signs of equine dental disease?
- quidding
- excessive salivation
- weight loss
- foul mouth odor
- sensitivity to bit
- swelling under eye
- head tilt
-
milk teeth
deciduous teeth, or baby teeth
-
caps
retained deciduous teeth stuck on top of erupting permanent teeth
-
occlusive tables
chewing surface of the tooth
-
wolf tooth
first upper premolar, may not be present
-
incisive arcade
angle between lower and upper incisors
-
cups
indentation in occlusive table
-
Galvayne's groove
groove at the gum margin on upper corner incisor
-
smooth mouthed
cups are absent, olde horses
-
Deciduous dentition
- <2 yrs of age
- 2(I3/3, PM3/3)
-
Adult dentition
2(I3/3, C0-1/0-1, PM3-4/3-4, M/3)
-
At what age do the canine teeth erupt?
4 yrs
-
What percentage of mares have canine teeth?
-
List the phases of the chewing cycle
- 1. opening phase
- 2. closing phase
- 3. power phase
-
a normal chewing cycle lasts how long?
11 cycles/ 10 seconds of chewing
-
central incisors erupt at what age?
lateral incisors?
corner incisors?
-
At what age do you typically see a flattened oculsive table?
5 yrs
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