anatomy2exam2

Vena cava --> right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valves --> pulmonary trunk --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs-->pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> bicuspid/mitral valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta -->body (or coronary arteries --> heart tissue --> coronary sinus --> right atrium)

• P wave: depolerazation of atrial muscle and beginning of atrical contraction
• QRS Wave: depolerazation of ventricles then ventricular contraction
• T Wave: ventricular relaxation and repolarization

Atria repolarization are not seen

Charge starts in the SA node and travels across wall of atrium to the AV node. Charge passes through AV node and along AV bundle, through the fibrous skeleton of the heart and into the interventricular septum. Chrage in the AV bundle divides into right and left branches and charge decends int o the apex of each ventricle. Finally charge is carred by the purkinje fibers to the ventricular walls.

Preload is the degree to which the ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole. Afterload is the pressure against which the ventricles must overcome in order to pump blood

Baroreceptors detect changes in BP and then change the heart rate and force of contraction. These receptors are found in large arteries such as the aorta. When the receptors feel the stretch they send a signal to the medulla oblongata in the brain and the brain then sends aeither a parasympathetic or sympathic signal to slow down or speed up the heart and contract force. The receptor reflexes help to maintain blood pressure in short changes such as when excersising but don't maintain long term BP

IgG: activate complement and promote phagocytosis. Can cross placent and provide immune support for fetus

IgA: secreted in saliva, tears and mucous membranes for protection; found in colostrum and milk for newborn support

IgM: Activates complements and acts as antigen binder on B cells; responsible for transfusion reactions and often first antibody to be made in response to an antigen

IgE: Binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response

IgD: Functions as antigin binding receptors on B cells

They break down cells and can be found in tears, saliva, mucus and sweat

A protein from mast cells, basophils, and platelets. Causes vasodialtion, increased vascular permeability, stimlation of gland secretions, smooth muscle contraction in lungs and calls eosinophils to action

Polypetides from plasma. Cause vasodilation, increase in vascular permeability, stimulate pain receptors and attract neutrophils

Proteins from most cells that interfere with virus production and infection by warning other cells that the one broadcasting is hijacked and must be destroyed

Plasma prteins that increase vascular permeability, stimulate histamine and activate kinins

Group of lipids which cause smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and stimulate pain receptors

group of lipids produced by mast cells and basophils that cause prolonged muscle contraction, vascular permeability and attract neutrophils and eosinophils

Released by neutrophils, monocytes and other cells that stimulate a fever

Primary cells in the innate system are neutrophils, eosinophils, baophils, mast cells, monocytes and macrophages. The cellscome from red bone marrow and mature there and in tissues. The mature cells are found in blood, connective tissue and lymphatic tissue. The primary secratory products are histamine, kinins, complement, prostaglandins, leukotriences, and interferons. Their primary actions are inflammatory response and phagocytosis.

The primary cells in adaptive immune system are B cells for the anti-body mediated system and T cells for cell mediated. They are made in the red bone marrow and b cells mature there ; T cells mature in the thymus. The mature cells can be found in blood and lymphatic tissue. B cells secret antibodies while T cells make cytokines. The B cells primary action is proection against extracellular antigens while the T cells protect against INTRACELLUAR antigens and tumors. B cells can be involved in immediate hypersensitivity while T cells are involved in delayed hypersensitivity.

Adaptive immunity grows and changes depending on what the person is exposed to and cells learn. New antibodies are made and the body trains to react faster and faster to the same exposed antigen. This is very specific with what it reacts to.

With innate immunity the person is born with it and it cannot change Every person has the same innate immunity and these can be mechanical in nature (skin, mucous membranes, tears etc) chemical mediated, cells, and the inflamatory response.