Chem Test #1

• "In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed"
• Antoina Lavoisier; observations on combustion.

Homogenous: a mixture that has the same composition throughout; must be separated by distillation (boiling the mixture so that the more volatile liquid vaporizes and is then recondensed into a separate flask. (koolaid)

Heterogeneous: composition varies from one region to another; separate by filtration. (wet sand)

Extensive: the value depends on the quantity of matter; extensive properties cannot be used to identify what type of matter something is

Intensive: value independent of the quantity of matter (density)

• 1 m³ = 10⁶ cm³
• 1 cm³ = 10^-6 m³ = 0.000001 m³

• 1 L is slightly larger than 1 quart
• 1 L = 1 dm³ = 1000 mL = 10³ mL
• 1 mL = 0.001 L = 10^-3 L
• 1 mL = 1 cm³

• 1 kilometer (km) = 0.6214 mile (mi)
• 1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches (in.)
• 1 meter (m) = 1.094 yards (yd)
• 1 foot (ft) = 30.48 centimeters (cm)
• 1 inch (in.) = 2.54 centimeters (cm) exactly

• 1 kilogram (km) = 2.205 pounds (lb)
• 1 pound (lb) = 453.59 grams (g)
• 1 ounce (oz) = 28.35 grams (g)

• 1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)
• 1 liter (L) = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm3)
• 1 liter (L) = 1.057 quarts (qt)
• 1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 3.785 liters (L)

• -All matter was made up of small indestructible particles that they called atomos
• -There were many different kinds of atoms with different shapes and sizes.

-All matter was infinitely divisible.

Joseph Proust; All samples of a given compound, regardless of their source or how they were prepared, have the same proportions of their constituent elements.

• John Dalton
• -When two elements, (call them A and B), form two different compounds, the masses of B that combine with 1 g of A can be expressed as a ratio of small, whole numbers

• Dalton proposed a theory of matter based on it having indivisible particles (atoms) to explain these laws
• 1.) Each element is composed of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms
• 2.) All atoms of a given element has the same mass and other properties that distinguish them from atoms of other elements
• 3.) Atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form molecules of compounds
• 4.) In a chemical reaction, atoms of one element cannot change into atoms of another element
• -they simply rearrange the way they are attached

• Mendeleev
• -When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically

*C=(*F-32)/1.8

K=*C + 273.15

• Water = 1.00
• Mercury = 13.55
• Ethanol = 0.789
• Lead = 11.4

Occur between metals and non-metals; involve the transfer of one atom to another

• If cation is:
• -metal with invariant charge = metal name
• -metal with variable charge = metal name(charge)
• -polyatomic ion = name of polyatomic ion

• If anion is:
• -nonmetal = stem of nonmetal name + ide
• -polyatomic ion = name of polyatomic ion

C₂H₃O₂^-

CO₃^2-

HCO₃^-

OH^-

NO₂^-

NO₃^-

CrO₄^2-

Cr₂O₇^2-

PO₄^3-

HPO₄^2-

H₂PO₄^-

NH₄⁺

ClO^-

ClO₂^-

ClO3-