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Psychoactive substances include:
- Stimulants: nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines
- Depressants: alcohol, barbiturates, morphine, heroin
- Hallucinogenics: marijuana, LSD, peyote
Psychoactive substances are chemical compounds that affect the nervous system and espcially the brain
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The leading preventable cause of premature death in the United States at this time is
Smoking
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The annual number of deaths in the United States that are attributable to smoking has been estimated to be about
450,000
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Quitting smoking continues to be difficult in the United States because
- The addictive effects of nicotine - makes you feel relaxed
- People believe smoking supresses hunger to so people are thinner
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The addictive aspect of tobacco use is probably caused by the chemical in
Nicotine
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Tobacco use is a risk factor for
- Everyone
- Skin, brain, mouth, throat, lung, heart, kidney, adrenal glands, and reproductive tracts
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The greater the number of cigarettes smoked, the greater the damage to the body. This factor is referred to as
Dose-Response Relationship
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When smokers stop smoking they may feel discomfort due to a change in blood gases (more oxygen and less carbonmonoxide). One solution to this is
- Provide social support from fellow smokers,
- Training with print guides,
- The use of nicotine patches or gum
- Counseling
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A good friend wants to quit smoking and asks for advice. You might suggest
Provide social support from fellow smokers, training with print guides, the use of nicotine patches or gum, and couseling
- Continue to smoke - no
- Trained hypnotist - no
- Shock therapy - no
- (Pick the one that isn't listed above)
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A detailed summary of scientific evidence about tobacco use being harmful to health
Appeared as early as 1964 - surgeon warning on cigarettes started appearing
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Heavy drinking is defined as
More then two drinks per day for men, and more then one drink per day for women
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Tolerance with regard to substances such as alcohol and other drugs refers to
A greater and greater amount of the substance is required to achieve the desired effects
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Withdrawal effects from alcohol abuse vary from person to person, but usually include
Nausea, vomitting, restlessness, sleeplessness, and depression
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Outcomes of alcohol use and abuse include
- Alcohol Use –
- • Repressions in speech, vision, and reaction time
- • Cancers of mouth, esophagus, rectum, and lungs
- • Diabetes and osteoporosis
- • Damage to heart muscle and strokes
- • Tolerance requires greater and greater amounts of alcohol to achieve the desired effects
- • Dangerous withdrawal effects
- • Liver damage—fibrosis and then cirrhosis
- Alcohol Abuse –
- • Serious vehicle “accidents” occur due to the effects of alcohol on drivers and passengers.
- • Psychosis, violent crimes, homicides, suicides, falls, drowning, fires, freezing to death, poisoning, unwanted pregnancies, FASD, and miscarriages are associated with alcohol use.
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Stress plays an important role in
- Everyday life
- Physical, psychological, and sociocultural
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Stress is best defined as
Physical and psychological reaction to a threat to a physical, psychological or social health
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Walter Cannon introduced the idea of a reaction to stress that he called
Fight or Flight syndrome
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Selye's theory proposed stages that he called
- General Adaptaion Syndrome (GAS)
- Three stages - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
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The biology of response to stressors includes
Endocrine system, sympathetic nervous system, and autonomic nervous system
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Human responses to stressors include
Unheathy behaviors, immune system change, and damage to the body
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According to Lazarus and Folkman's theory, the first time we face a stressful situation our ________ may be threatened
Self esteem, body, and emotional state
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The most important factor in responding to stressors is
your perception of the situation
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Stress can be measured by
Polygraph tests or lie detectors, lab experiments, self reports, social readjustment rating scales, hassle scale, uplift scale
Change in blood pressure and heart rate, self report scale
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Research has explored the idea that gender differences in illness and death rates may be related to gender differences in response to stressors. These include the following findings:
Women feel more responsible, men are in denial, men are more likely to drive while intoxicated, women more likely to seek medical help
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Taylor and colleagues recently suggested that the female response to stress is more likely to be
Tend and befriend rather then fight or flight
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Symptoms of stress include
Sleeplessness, depression and more
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Stress is common in life, but it can be dealth with through
- High self esteem
- Strong social relationships
- Exercise and good nutrional practices
- Adequate rest and sleep
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Physiological changes occur when facing a stressor including
Heart rate increases, dilation of the eyes, dry mouth, breathing harder
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Lazarus and Folkman believed that
something about anxiety
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Origins of stress include
Biological, psychological, or social, or some combination of the three
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An example of an acute stressor is
Acute stressors - catastrophic events or aggravations in the environment involving extraordinary coping efforts (temporary)
- Personal disasters - death of a spouse, breakup of a marriage, intense arguements
- Public disasters - natural disaster (earthquake) or humanmade diasaster (bomb)
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An indicator that someone is experiencing stress is
• Biological stressors include bacterial infections, broken bones, fatigue, pain, cancer, cold sores, physical disabilities, fever, coughing, and old age.
• Psychological stressors include worry, grief, distraction, poor health, anger, hate, fear, and love.
• Sociocultural stressors include war, poverty, job loss, violence, poor academic performance, poor work performance, caring for children, caring for elderly parents, and social isolation.
-increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and drying of the mouth, difficulty sleeping and can over eat
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An indicator that someone is experiencing stress is
isolate yourself from social conflict, depressed (emotional state things)
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Factors that may modify the negative effects of stress include
Good nutritional practices, regular aerobic exercise, rest, and social support
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Our immune system protects us from infections through
The circulatory and lymphatic systems
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Psychoneuroimmunology focuses in the effects of stress on the body including
The endocrine, cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems (also psychological factors)
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Highly traumatic stressors may result in
Post traumatic stress disorder, may trigger biopsychosocial behavioral problems
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In health psychology the term resilience refers to
Resilience is the capacity to respond to adversity and recover quickly
To an ability to maintain balance in the face of trauma and loss
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The main function of the immune system is to
protect against infections
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Suppression or weakening of our immune systems
is caused by stress
makes it vulnerable
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Research shows that sports injuries result from
stress
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When threatened with a stressor some people respond at the behavioral level by
smoking more, overeating, and abusing substances such as alcohol
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In today's society common stressors are
physical and psychological problems
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Proactive coping refers to
Actions to prevent exposure to known stressors
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Stress management techniques include
therapies including cognitive and behavioral interventions, biofeedback, stress inoculation training (SIT), guided imagery, meditation, deep breathing, and progressive muscle relaxation
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Coping responses may include
Thinking about the threat (cognitive process), also called appraisal, intervene and prevent negative outcomes
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Coping is affected or shaped by
Many factors including our emotional state, our personality, our previous experiences, our social relationships, our sociocultural backgrounds, and by resources available to us
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Reactions to the same stressful situation may include
Hopeless, counseling/seeking advice and exploration of options
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An example of emotion focused coping
- Focused coping is finding humor in the situation or seeking comfort
- (emotion focused coping - coping directed toward managing the emotions or feelings aroused by a stressor)
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Cognitive coping strategies include
Remembering other situations that improved with time, some may analyze, intellectualize, and then postpone facing stressful situations until they have a better perspective
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