reproduction class notes - final

sex cells

spermatozoa, sexual intercourse, copulation

• produce ova
• receives sperm
• provide siter for fertilization, implantation, gestation, parturition
• nourishes baby through mammary glands (lactation)

• - perpetuates species and passes gentic material to next generation
• - has latenet development (activates by normal control at puberty)

gonads

• - produce gametes
• - produce and secrete sex hormones
• (testes) --> male
• (Ovaries) ---> females

• structures essential in aquiring and transporting sperm
• - ducts to transport sperm include:

- essential for fertilization of ovum, implantation of blastocyst develipment of embryo and fetus and parturtion

• - secondary sex organ for females
• - recieves penis and semen
• - baby passes through during delivery

• - eggs transported through here after ovulation on way to uters
• - secondary sex organ in females
• - sites of fertilization

• - implantation and gestation here
• - secondary sex characterstic in females
• - muscular wall are active in parturition

• - secondary sex organ in females
• - secrete milk after parturition

• - not essential for reproduction
• - generally considered sexually attractant features

body physiqye, body hair, pitch of voice

• body physique, pattern of body hair , development of breast in feamlaes
• - only human females have protruding breat that may function as a sexual attractant

• seminiferous tubules
• and interstitial cells

produce spermatozoa (immature sperm cells)

produce and secret male sex hormones

• storage and maturation of spermatozoa
• convey spermatozoa to ductus deferentia

20 feet

• - store spermatozoa
• - conveys spermatozoa to ejaculatory ducts

revive spermatoza and additives to produce seminal fluid

secrete alkaline fluid contiang nutrients and prostaglandins

secretes alkalaine fluid that helps neutralie acidic sminal fluid and enhance motility of spermatozoa

secrete fluid that lubricates urethrea and end of penis

encloses and protects testes

• conveys urine and seminal fluid
• organ of copulation in males

produce ova and female sex hormones

• - convery ovum toward uterus
• - site of fertilization
• - convery developing embryo to uterus

• - site of implantation
• - protects and sustains life of embryo and fetus during pregnancy
• - active role in parturition

• - conveys uterine secretions to outside of body
• - recieves erect penis and semen during copulation and ejaculation
• - passage for fetus during parturition

encloses and protect other external reproductive organs

• - forms margins of vestibule
• - protects openings of vagina nad urethra

glans of clitoris is richly supplied with sensory nerve endings

cleft between labia minora that includes vaginal and urethral openings

secretes fluid that moistens and lubricates vestibule and vaginal opening during intercourse

vestibular glands

produce and secrete milk for nourishment of infant

• head, body,m tail, acrosome
• - sperm are microscopic, tadpole shapped strucutre and about 0.6 mm long

• oval shapped
• contains nuclues with 23 chromosomes

• cylindrical
• contains numerous mitochondira spiraled around a filamentous core
• mitochondria provide energy for locootion

• - elongagted
• - propels sperm with lashing movements
• maximum unassisted rate of sperm movement is about 3 mm/n

• - tip of head
• - contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate into ovum
• - life expectany of ejaculated sperm is 48-72 hours at body temperature

functional units of testis

seminiferous tubules

• - At birth females have 400,000-500,000 primary occytes in each ovary
• - by pberty number has decrease to about 250,000
• - only about 400 actually mature and are ovulated in lifetime

meotic process by which ova are formed

• - formation of human body before birth (prenatally)
• - some sensitive stages durign which genetic or enviormental conditions may affect normal devlopment of baby
• - nutrition, smoking and drugs may affect development
• - begins with one fetilized egg and culminates some 28 weeks later with a complex orginzation of cells

is a a period of prenatal development: usually 9 months

• - last 2 weeks
• - inititated with fertilization of an ovum by femal and sprm from male
• - includes fertilization, transportation of fertilized eggs through uterine tube, mitotic divisions, implantation and formation of primordial embryonic tissue

• - occurs within uterine tube
• - usually 12- 24 hours following fertilization

- fertilized egg

• - begins withing about 30 hours
• - forms blastomers
• - several cleavegs occus at structures passed down uterine tube
• -enters uterus on about thrid day
• - now a ball of 16 or more cells called a morula

• - 2 identical daughter cells
• - one of the ways that twins can be formed

• - a ball of 16 or more cells
• - about the same size as a zygote

- when morula has established two groups of cells

- hollow fluid-filled center of blastocyst

blastocyst implnats between 5th and 7th day

- embryonic disk forms followed by 3 primary germ layres

• sensory strucute and nervous system
• - one of the primary germ layer of embryonic disk
• - forms epidermis of ksin and epidermal derivatives
• - nervous tissues; sense organ
• - lens of eye:enamel of teeth
• - pituitary gland
• - adreanal medulla

• - muscle ( smooth, cardiac, and skeletal)
• - connective tissues
• - dermis of skin; dentin of teeth
• - epithelium of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, body cavities, joint cavities
• - internal reproductive organs
• - kidneys and ureters
• - adreneal cortex

• - epithelium of pharynx, auditory canl, tonsils, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, larynx, trachea, lungs, digestive tract, urinary bladder and urethra and vagina
• - liver and pancreas

• - various degrees of intermediate sex
• - when both male and female gonadal tissues are present

- caused by hormonal influences during fetal devlopment

• - person with undiffernetiated or ambigious external genitalia
• - individuals are sterile

• when oly one X chromosome is presnt
• - individual appers to be female
• - gonads are rudimentary or absent and do not mature at puberty

• - when XXY chromomes are presnt
• - develops breast and male genitalia
• - had undeveloped seminiferous tubules

• - means hiddne testies
• -failure of one of both testes to descend into scrotum
• - occurs in 3% of male infants
• - should be treated before 5 years old

pull the testes from ___ and into the scrotum

• - inability of a sexually mature male to maintain erection long enough to have an ejaculation
• - causes may be physical, neurological, result of disease, psychological

• - inability to fertilize ovum
• - not same as impotance
• - maybe fault of either male or female
• - maybe caused in males by alcoholism, dietary deficiencies, injury, excessive heart, hormonal imbalance

similar to infertility but is a permanet condition

sterilization of male by simple surgical procedure

• - clap
• - caused by bacterium neisseria honorrhea
• - males have painful urination and discharge pus
• - females are usually asymptomatic
• --> may infect uterus and uterine tube
• --> may be passed by mother to eyes of newborn and cause blindness

• - caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum
• - appears and disapperas throughout life if untreated
• - may cause blidness and insanity if untreated

• - cancer of the prostate gland
• - second leading cuase of death from cancer in males in the United States
• - commone in males over 60
• - accounts for 19,000 death/ year

• - infection of testes
• - various cuases including mumps

medical specaility concerned with female reproductive system

speality daling with pregnancy and childbirth

• - results from implantation of blastocys in location other than in body of uterus
• - most frequently in uterine tube

• - usually treated by removing affected tube
• - when an etopic pregnancy is in uterine//falopian tube

absence of menstruation

- follows menopause, occurs during pregnancy and may occcur during lactation

• - when a woman has never menstruated
• - usually accompanied by failure of development of secondary sexual characteristics

• - cessation of mensturation which have had normal menstural periods and are not pregnant and have not gone through menopause
• --> caused by endocrine disturbances, psychological factors, etc.
• --> may be caused temporaily by stress, sickness, fatigue, poor nutrition, hormonal imbalance

• - extremely common problem of female reproductive tract
• - most are benign
• --> cyst, polyps, smooth muscle, tumors

• - most common malignancy of femlae reproductive tract
• - cervix is most common site
• - cervical cancer is 2nd only to breast cancer in frequency for young women
• - most common in women who hav had frequent intercous with mutiple parterns during their teens and onward
• - can be detected by PAP smears and can be cured then

• - surgical removal of uterus
• - may be usted to treat cervical cancer

removal of ovaries

• - fibrocystic disease of breast
• - nonmalignant
• - affects about 50% of women 30-45 years of age

• most common malignancy in women
• - 1 in 13 will develop breast cancer
• - of these 1/3 will die
• - leading cause of death in women between age of 40 and 50
• -mean also get breast cancer but at 1% rate for women
• - cause are not known
• - highest incidence is in women over 35 have family history of breast cancer and who are nulliparous

x- ray of mammary glands to confirm breast cancer

removal of breast and perhaps assocated tissues

no children

removal of entire breast, but not underlying lymphy nodes

complete remval of breast, lymphatic draingage and perhaps of pectorals major muscle

- similar to modified radical mastectomy except pectorails majore muscle is always removme as well as axillary lymph nodes and adjacent connective tusse

genreally gestation is divided into 3 of these ...

- all major body systems are formed, fetal herat can be deteced, external genitalia are devloped and fetus is about width of palm of an adult's hand

• - epidermal features are formed and viatl body systms are functioning
• - fetus would likley not survie if born

• - tremendous growth and refromed
• - will surrvuve if born prematurely

occurs in 1 in 85 pregnancies

• - develop from 2 zygotes resulting from 2 spermatoza fertilizing 2 ova maybe of same kind or diffrent and both egg fertilized at diffrent times
• - about 2/3 of twins

• - twins from 1 zygote
• - 1/3 oftwins
• - generally identical

• - occurs in mnozygotic pregnancies when incomplete seperation
• - conjoined twins

• -technique used to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid with a syringe
• - used to determine fetal maturity
• - also can help predict serioud disorders lik Down's syndrome (mongolism) and Gaucher's disease ( a metabolic disorder)

- ability lost during embryonic development