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Gamates are ________
sex cells
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males produce ____and transfer them to femlae through ______________or ______________
spermatozoa, sexual intercourse, copulation
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females ...
- produce ova
- receives sperm
- provide siter for fertilization, implantation, gestation, parturition
- nourishes baby through mammary glands (lactation)
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reproduction system ....
- - perpetuates species and passes gentic material to next generation
- - has latenet development (activates by normal control at puberty)
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primary sex organs are ________
gonads
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gonads ...
- - produce gametes
- - produce and secrete sex hormones
- (testes) --> male
- (Ovaries) ---> females
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secondary sex organs in males ....
- structures essential in aquiring and transporting sperm
- - ducts to transport sperm include:
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secondary sex organs in females:
- essential for fertilization of ovum, implantation of blastocyst develipment of embryo and fetus and parturtion
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vagina
- - secondary sex organ for females
- - recieves penis and semen
- - baby passes through during delivery
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uterine (fallopian) tubes
- - eggs transported through here after ovulation on way to uters
- - secondary sex organ in females
- - sites of fertilization
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- uterus (womb)
- - implantation and gestation here
- - secondary sex characterstic in females
- - muscular wall are active in parturition
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mamary glands
- - secondary sex organ in females
- - secrete milk after parturition
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secondary sex characterstics
- - not essential for reproduction
- - generally considered sexually attractant features
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secondary sex charactersitics in males :
body physiqye, body hair, pitch of voice
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secondary sex charactersitics in females
- body physique, pattern of body hair , development of breast in feamlaes
- - only human females have protruding breat that may function as a sexual attractant
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testes contains :
- seminiferous tubules
- and interstitial cells
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seminiferous tubules
produce spermatozoa (immature sperm cells)
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interstital cells
produce and secret male sex hormones
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epididymides
- storage and maturation of spermatozoa
- convey spermatozoa to ductus deferentia
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length of epididmidus
20 feet
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ductus deferntia
- - store spermatozoa
- - conveys spermatozoa to ejaculatory ducts
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ejaculatory ductus
revive spermatoza and additives to produce seminal fluid
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seminal vesicles
secrete alkaline fluid contiang nutrients and prostaglandins
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prostate gland
secretes alkalaine fluid that helps neutralie acidic sminal fluid and enhance motility of spermatozoa
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bulbourethal gland
secrete fluid that lubricates urethrea and end of penis
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scrotum
encloses and protects testes
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penis
- conveys urine and seminal fluid
- organ of copulation in males
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ovaries
produce ova and female sex hormones
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uterine tubes
- - convery ovum toward uterus
- - site of fertilization
- - convery developing embryo to uterus
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uterus
- - site of implantation
- - protects and sustains life of embryo and fetus during pregnancy
- - active role in parturition
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vagina
- - conveys uterine secretions to outside of body
- - recieves erect penis and semen during copulation and ejaculation
- - passage for fetus during parturition
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labia majora
encloses and protect other external reproductive organs
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labia minora
- - forms margins of vestibule
- - protects openings of vagina nad urethra
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clitoris
glans of clitoris is richly supplied with sensory nerve endings
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vestibule
cleft between labia minora that includes vaginal and urethral openings
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vestibular glands
secretes fluid that moistens and lubricates vestibule and vaginal opening during intercourse
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What in females is similar to the bulbourthal glands in males ?
vestibular glands
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mammary glands
produce and secrete milk for nourishment of infant
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Spermatozoa
- head, body,m tail, acrosome
- - sperm are microscopic, tadpole shapped strucutre and about 0.6 mm long
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head
- oval shapped
- contains nuclues with 23 chromosomes
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body of sperm
- cylindrical
- contains numerous mitochondira spiraled around a filamentous core
- mitochondria provide energy for locootion
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tail
- - elongagted
- - propels sperm with lashing movements
- maximum unassisted rate of sperm movement is about 3 mm/n
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acrosome
- - tip of head
- - contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate into ovum
- - life expectany of ejaculated sperm is 48-72 hours at body temperature
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seminiferous tubules
functional units of testis
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spermatogenesis occurs in ________.
seminiferous tubules
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ovarian cycle
- - At birth females have 400,000-500,000 primary occytes in each ovary
- - by pberty number has decrease to about 250,000
- - only about 400 actually mature and are ovulated in lifetime
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oogenesis
meotic process by which ova are formed
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morphogenesis
- - formation of human body before birth (prenatally)
- - some sensitive stages durign which genetic or enviormental conditions may affect normal devlopment of baby
- - nutrition, smoking and drugs may affect development
- - begins with one fetilized egg and culminates some 28 weeks later with a complex orginzation of cells
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Gestations
is a a period of prenatal development: usually 9 months
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pre-embryonic stage
- - last 2 weeks
- - inititated with fertilization of an ovum by femal and sprm from male
- - includes fertilization, transportation of fertilized eggs through uterine tube, mitotic divisions, implantation and formation of primordial embryonic tissue
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fertilization
- - occurs within uterine tube
- - usually 12- 24 hours following fertilization
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cleavage
- - begins withing about 30 hours
- - forms blastomers
- - several cleavegs occus at structures passed down uterine tube
- -enters uterus on about thrid day
- - now a ball of 16 or more cells called a morula
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blastomers
- - 2 identical daughter cells
- - one of the ways that twins can be formed
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Morula
- - a ball of 16 or more cells
- - about the same size as a zygote
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blastocyst
- when morula has established two groups of cells
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- blastocyst cavity
- hollow fluid-filled center of blastocyst
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implantation
blastocyst implnats between 5th and 7th day
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embryonic
- embryonic disk forms followed by 3 primary germ layres
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ectoderm
- sensory strucute and nervous system
- - one of the primary germ layer of embryonic disk
- - forms epidermis of ksin and epidermal derivatives
- - nervous tissues; sense organ
- - lens of eye:enamel of teeth
- - pituitary gland
- - adreanal medulla
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Mesoderm
- - muscle ( smooth, cardiac, and skeletal)
- - connective tissues
- - dermis of skin; dentin of teeth
- - epithelium of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, body cavities, joint cavities
- - internal reproductive organs
- - kidneys and ureters
- - adreneal cortex
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endoderm
- - epithelium of pharynx, auditory canl, tonsils, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, larynx, trachea, lungs, digestive tract, urinary bladder and urethra and vagina
- - liver and pancreas
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hermaphroditism
- - various degrees of intermediate sex
- - when both male and female gonadal tissues are present
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psudohermaphroditisim
- caused by hormonal influences during fetal devlopment
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hermaphrodite
- - person with undiffernetiated or ambigious external genitalia
- - individuals are sterile
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Turner's syndrome
- when oly one X chromosome is presnt
- - individual appers to be female
- - gonads are rudimentary or absent and do not mature at puberty
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Klinefelter's syndrome
- - when XXY chromomes are presnt
- - develops breast and male genitalia
- - had undeveloped seminiferous tubules
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cryptorchidism
- - means hiddne testies
- -failure of one of both testes to descend into scrotum
- - occurs in 3% of male infants
- - should be treated before 5 years old
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Gubernaculums
pull the testes from ___ and into the scrotum
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impotence
- - inability of a sexually mature male to maintain erection long enough to have an ejaculation
- - causes may be physical, neurological, result of disease, psychological
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infertility
- - inability to fertilize ovum
- - not same as impotance
- - maybe fault of either male or female
- - maybe caused in males by alcoholism, dietary deficiencies, injury, excessive heart, hormonal imbalance
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sterility
similar to infertility but is a permanet condition
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vasectomy
sterilization of male by simple surgical procedure
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Gonorrhea
- - clap
- - caused by bacterium neisseria honorrhea
- - males have painful urination and discharge pus
- - females are usually asymptomatic
- --> may infect uterus and uterine tube
- --> may be passed by mother to eyes of newborn and cause blindness
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Syphilis
- - caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum
- -
appears and disapperas throughout life if untreated - - may cause blidness and insanity if untreated
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prostatic carcinoma
- - cancer of the prostate gland
- - second leading cuase of death from cancer in males in the United States
- - commone in males over 60
- - accounts for 19,000 death/ year
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Orchitis
- - infection of testes
- - various cuases including mumps
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gynecology
medical specaility concerned with female reproductive system
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obstetrics
speality daling with pregnancy and childbirth
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ectopic pregnancy
- - results from implantation of blastocys in location other than in body of uterus
- - most frequently in uterine tube
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tubular pregnancy
- - usually treated by removing affected tube
- - when an etopic pregnancy is in uterine//falopian tube
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Amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
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normal amenorrhea
- follows menopause, occurs during pregnancy and may occcur during lactation
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primary amenorrhea
- - when a woman has never menstruated
- - usually accompanied by failure of development of secondary sexual characteristics
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secondary amenorrhea
- - cessation of mensturation which have had normal menstural periods and are not pregnant and have not gone through menopause
- --> caused by endocrine disturbances, psychological factors, etc.
- --> may be caused temporaily by stress, sickness, fatigue, poor nutrition, hormonal imbalance
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Uterine neoplasmas
- - extremely common problem of female reproductive tract
- - most are benign
- --> cyst, polyps, smooth muscle, tumors
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uterine cancer
- - most common malignancy of femlae reproductive tract
- - cervix is most common site
- - cervical cancer is 2nd only to breast cancer in frequency for young women
- - most common in women who hav had frequent intercous with mutiple parterns during their teens and onward
- - can be detected by PAP smears and can be cured then
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hysterectomy
- - surgical removal of uterus
- - may be usted to treat cervical cancer
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oophorectomy
removal of ovaries
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dysplasia
- - fibrocystic disease of breast
- - nonmalignant
- - affects about 50% of women 30-45 years of age
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carcinoma of the breast
- most common malignancy in women
- - 1 in 13 will develop breast cancer
- - of these 1/3 will die
- - leading cause of death in women between age of 40 and 50
- -mean also get breast cancer but at 1% rate for women
- - cause are not known
- - highest incidence is in women over 35 have family history of breast cancer and who are nulliparous
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mammography
x- ray of mammary glands to confirm breast cancer
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mastectomy
removal of breast and perhaps assocated tissues
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simple mastectomy
removal of entire breast, but not underlying lymphy nodes
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modified readical mastectomy
complete remval of breast, lymphatic draingage and perhaps of pectorals major muscle
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radical mastectomy
- similar to modified radical mastectomy except pectorails majore muscle is always removme as well as axillary lymph nodes and adjacent connective tusse
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Trimesters
genreally gestation is divided into 3 of these ...
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First trimester
- all major body systems are formed, fetal herat can be deteced, external genitalia are devloped and fetus is about width of palm of an adult's hand
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second trimester
- - epidermal features are formed and viatl body systms are functioning
- - fetus would likley not survie if born
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third trimester
- - tremendous growth and refromed
- - will surrvuve if born prematurely
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mutiple pregnancy
occurs in 1 in 85 pregnancies
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Dizygotic ( fraternal)
- - develop from 2 zygotes resulting from 2 spermatoza fertilizing 2 ova maybe of same kind or diffrent and both egg fertilized at diffrent times
- - about 2/3 of twins
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monozygotic (identical)
- - twins from 1 zygote
- - 1/3 oftwins
- - generally identical
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siamese twins
- - occurs in mnozygotic pregnancies when incomplete seperation
- - conjoined twins
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amniocentesis
- -technique used to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid with a syringe
- - used to determine fetal maturity
- - also can help predict serioud disorders lik Down's syndrome (mongolism) and Gaucher's disease ( a metabolic disorder)
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Regeneration
- ability lost during embryonic development
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