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What are the different nerve fiber types?
- General Somatic Afferent (GSA) - send sensory signals from skeletal muscles and skin to the brain
- General Visceral Afferent (GVA) - sends sensory signals from viscera to the brain
- Special Afferent (SA) - sends special sensory signals - sight, taste, hearing, balance, smell
- General Somatic Efferent (GSE) - motor impulses to skeletal muscles from the brain
- General Visceral Efferent (GVE) - motor impulses to the viscera from the brain
- Special Visceral Efferent (BE) - motor fibers to muscle derived from the pharyngeal arches
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Which cranial nerves innervate structures outside of the head and neck?
- Vagus nerve
- Accessory nerve
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Trace the path of the olfactory nerve
Olfactory nerve: nasal mucosa/ cribiform plate / olfactory bulb / frontal and temporal lobes
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What Fiber type does CN 1 carry?
CN 1 (olfactory nerve) carries only special afferent fibers (SA)
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Trace the path of the optic nerve
Optic nerve: ganglion cells in the retina / optic canal of the sphenoid / Thalamus
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Which cranial nerves DO NOT pass through the thalamus
- Olfcatory nerve (CN1)
- Optic nerve (CN2)
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What Fiber type(s) does CN 2 carry?
CN 2 (Optic nerve) only carries special afferent fibers (SA)
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What fiber type(s) does CN 3 carry? What structures do they innervate?
- General somatic efferent (GSE): levator pappebrae superioris, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique
- General visceral efferent (GVE): ciliary ganglion (sphincter papillae muscles, ciliary muscles)
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The oculomotor motor nerve leaves the brain through what foramen?
Superior orbital fissure
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Trace the path of the Trochlear nerve
Trochlear nerve: brainstem / superior orbital fissure / superior oblique
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What fiber type(s) does the Trochlear nerve carry? And what structure(s) does it innervate?
General somatic efferent (GSE) superior oblique muscle
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What are the 3 main branches of the Trigeminal nerve?
- Opthalmic nerve (V1)
- Maxillary nerve (V2)
- Mandibular nerve (V3)
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Describe the path of the trigeminal nerve up to its main divisions
Trigeminal nerve: Pons / Trigeminal sensory root / Trigeminal ganglion / Opthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular
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What are the 5 divisions of the Opthalmic nerves and what structures do they innervate?
- Supra-orbital nerve - eyelids, forehead scalp
- Supratrochlear nerve - eyelids, forehead, scalp
- Infratrochlear nerve - skin around eyes, nose, eyelids
- External Nasal nerve - nose
- Lacrimal nerve - skin around eyes, eyelids, lacrimal gland
All of these nerves carry only GSA
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What are the 5 divisions of the Maxillary nerve and what structures do they innervate?
- Zygomaticotemporal nerve - region of the temple
- Zygomaticofacial nerve - medial zygomatic bone
- Infraorbital nerve - central face, upper teeth
These nerves carry GSA fibers
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What structures branch DIRECTLY from the mandibular nerve?
- Meningeal branch (GSA)
- nerve to medial pterygoid (BE)
- Anterior trunk (GSA)
- Posterior Trunk (GSA)
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What structures branch from the Anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve?
- Masseteric nerve (BE)
- Deep Temporal nerves (BE)
- Nerve to lateral pterygoid (BE)
- Buccal nerve (GSA)
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What structures branch from the Posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve?
- Auriculotemporal nerve (GSA)
- inferior alveolar nerve (GSA) --> Mental nerve (GSA) and Nerve to myohyoid (BE)
- Lingual Nerve (GSA)
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What are the structures innervated by the mandibular nerve and its branches?
- external acoustic meatus
- region of the temple
- anterior external ear
- eardrum (tympanic membrane)
- cheek
- lower lip
- chin
- Dura of the lateral middle cranial fossa
- sensory impulse from anterior 2/3 of tongue (with chorda tympani)
- lower teeth
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Trace the path of the abducent nerve.
Abducent nerve: brainstem / superior orbital fissure / lateral rectus muscle
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What fiber type(s) does the abducent nerve carry?
It only carries GSE fibers and only innervates the Lateral rectus muscle
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Trace the path of the facial nerve up until it branches.
Facial Nerve: brain stem / internal acoustic meatus / geniculate ganglion / divides into branches / stylomastoid foramen
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What are the initial branches of the facial nerve, their fiber types and what structures do they innervate?
- Greater petrosal nerve (GVE) - lacrimal and mucous gland of nasal cavity
- Nerve to stapedius (BE) - stapedius
- Chorda tympani (SA - taste) anterior 2/3 of tongue
- GSA fibers - internal and external ear
- Facial nerve - facial muscles
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The facial nerves further divide after it passes the parotid gland. What are the divisions?
- Temporal branch
- Zygomatic branch
- Buccal branch
- Marginal mandibular branch
- Cervical branch
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Trace the path of the cochlear nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve: brain stem / internal acoustic meatus / cochlear nerve / organs of hearing
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Trace the path of the vestubular nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve: brain stem / internal acoustic meatus / vestibular nerve / vestibular ganglion / superior/inferior part / organs of balance
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What fiber type(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry
Special Afferent fibers only
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What fiber type(s) does the glossopharyngeal nerve carry?
- General visceral afferent
- General somatic afferent
- General visceral efferent
- Special Afferent
- Special Efferent (BE)
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What structures are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve. Be specific about fiber types
- General visceral afferent: Carotid body and sinus
- General somatic afferent: Sensory input from posterior 1/3 of tongue, structures in oral cavity, mucosa of middle ear
- General visceral afferent: Parotid gland
- Special afferent:Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
- Special efferent: Stylopharyngeus muscle
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What fiber types does the vagus nerve carry?
- General visceral afferent
- General somatic afferent
- General visceral efferent
- Special Afferent
- Special Efferent (BE)
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What structures are innervated by the vagus nerve? Be specific about fiber types
- General visceral afferent: parts of lyryngopharynx, parts of the ear, posterior dura mater
- General somatic afferent: changes in BP, changes in blood chemistry, thoracic viscera, abdominal viscera
- General visceral afferent: pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, viscera of midgut and foregut
- Special afferent: taste epiglottis, taste from pharynx
- Special Efferent: Palatoglossus muscle, all muscles of the soft palate (except 1), all muscles of the pharynx (except 1), larynx
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Describe the path of the Accessory nerve
The accessory nerve has 2 roots: a cervical root and a cranial root. The cranial root carries motor impulses and the cervical root carries sensory information
sensory fibers: medulla oblongata / jugular foramen / trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
Motor fibers: foramen magnum / C1-C5
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Describe the path of the hypoglossal nerve
Hypoglossal nerve: medulla oblongata / hypoglossal canal / intrinsic muscles of the tongue, genioglossus, hypoglossus, styloglossus
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