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What is cardiac output? How is it calculated?
Volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute, depends on HR and stroke volume
CO = HR x SV
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How does stroke volume vary?
Varies with sympathetic stimulation and venous return
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What is cardiac reserve?
The ability of the heart to increase output in response to increased demand.
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What is preload?
The amount of blood delivered to the heart by venous return.
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What is afterload? How is it determined?
The force required to eject blood from the ventricles and is determined by the peripheral resistance to the opening of the SL valves.
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What are the layers of the arteries and veins?
From inside out: tunica intima, tunica media (smooth muscle), tunica adventita (elastic and collagen fibers).
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What is systolic pressure?
Pressure exerted by the blood when ejected from the left ventricle.
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What is diastolic pressure?
Pressure sustained when the ventricles are relaxed.
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What is pulse pressure?
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.
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How is BP calculated?
- BP = CO x PR
- Blood pressure = cardiac output x peripheral resistance.
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What does NSR stand for?
NSR stands for normal sinus rhythm, which is about 70 bpm.
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What is arteriosclerosis?
Change in arteries where elasticity is lost and walls become thick and hard, lumen narrows and may become obstructed.
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What is atherosclerosis?
The presence of plaques or atheromas that form mostly in large arteries like aorta and iliac, coronary, and carotid.
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Which is the "good" cholesterol and which is "bad"?
LDL is bad, HDL is good.
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What are three non-modifiable risks for atherosclerosis?
Age, gender, and genetics.
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What are 8 modifiable risks for atherosclerosis?
Obesity, diet, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus (control it), hypertension, combo of oral contraceptives and smoking, combo of high blood cholesterol and high BP.
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What is angina?
Chest pain where there is a deficit of O2 to the heart.
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What are three types of angina?
Exertional, variant, and unstable.
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What is myocardial infarction?
A totally obstructed coronary artery leading to ischemia and cell death of the heart wall.
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What is the most common cause of MI?
Arteriosclerosis.
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What are some signs and symptoms of MI? (11-ish things)
Pain (LA, shoulder, jaw, neck, sometimes "indigestion"), pallor & sweating, nausea, dizziness, weakness, and dyspnea, anxiety & fear, hypotension, fever
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What are 5 complications of MI?
Death, cardiogenic shock, CHF, rupture of heart tissue, thromboembolism.
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What does MONA stand for?
Morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin.
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Name three thrombolytic agents.
Streoptokinase, urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator.
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What are two anticoagulants used after an MI?
Warfarin, heparin.
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What is digoxin?
A drug that supports heart function (made from foxglove)
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Besides drugs, what treatment happens after an MI?
Cardiac rehab, including exercise, dietary modification, stress reduction.
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What are seven things that can cause arrhythmia?
Damage to heart's conduction system, electrolyte imbalance, fever, hypoxia, stress, infection, drug toxicity.
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Does a very rapid heartbeat increase or decrease cardiac output?
Decreases, prevention of adequate filling during diastole.
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What are three types of sinus node abnormalities?
Bradycardia, tachycardia, and sick sinus syndrome.
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What is the most common type of dysrhythmia?
Atrial conduction abnormalities
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What is cardiac arrest?
The cessation of all activity in the heart.
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What are four causes of left-sided CHF?
Infarction of L ventricle, aortic valve stenosis, hypertension, hyperthyroidism
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What are three causes of right-sided CHF?
Infarction of R ventricle, pulmonary valve stenosis, pulmonary disease
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Two effects of left sided CHF?
Decreased cardiac output, pulmonary congestion
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Three effects of R sided CHF?
Decreased cardiac output, systemic congestion, edema of legs and abdomen
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What is hemoptysis?
Coughing up blood.
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What is ascites? (uh-sigh-tees)
Accumulation of serous fluid in abdominal cavity.
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At what stage of development do cardiac anomalies develop?
8 weeks of development.
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What is the effect of a stenosis?
Less blood flows through the narrowed opening.
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What is the effect of an incompetent valve?
Blood flows freely forward, but then regurgitates backward.
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Large defects can lead to:
Pallor, cyanosis, tachycardia, dyspnea, clubbing, intolerance for exercise, delayed growth & development
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What is the most common congenitial heart defect?
Ventricular septal defect ("hole in the heart")
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What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart condition?
Tetralogy of Fallot
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What are the four defects in the Tetralogy of Fallot?
Pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy.
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