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What proportion of an adult female's body is made up of solids? How about water?
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The proportion of an adult male's body is made up of water? How about solids?
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How will the kidneys respond to decrease in blood PH?
Reabsorbed HCO3- and secrete H+
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How the kidneys will respond to an increase of PH?
Reabsorb H+ and secrete HCO3-
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How the rate of respiration will respond to changes in PH?
- Because the presence of CO2 causes H2O in the body to disassociate into bicabonate and H+ , will lower the PH
- When PH gets too low, the rate of respiration increases, so we can get rid of CO2 quicker and raise the PH back to normal.
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How bicarbonate buffer system will respond to change in PH?
- in response to high PH
- CO2 combine with H2O and become H2CO3 Then it disassociate to HCO3- and H+
- The H+ will reduce the pH
- In response to low PH:
- HCO3- bind to H+ and become H2CO3 then it disassociate to H2O and CO2
- The CO2 will be exhaled and H2O has no effect on pH but the removal of H+ will rise the PH.
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How can we use hemoglobin as a buffer?
- During CO2 transport:
- CO2→H2O→H2CO3→HCO3- + H+ Hemoglobin bind to H+. That prevent decrease in PH
- This process is reversed in the lung when CO2is exhaled,
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How does protein buffer respond to decrease in PH?
- The amino group of the amino acid will bind to H+
- That will decrease the PH
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How will protein buffer will respond to increase in PH?
- The carboxyl group of the amino acid will release H+
- That will decrease the PH
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How phosphate buffer respond to a decrease in PH?
- HPO42- will bind to H+ and become H2PO4- .
- That will increase the PH.
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How phosphate buffer respond to an increase in PH?
- H2PO4- (dihydrogen phosphate) will release H+ and become HPO42- (monohydrogen phosphate)
- That will decrease the PH (make it more acidic)
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What is a buffer?
A substance that opposes (stabilizes) change in PH by either bind or release H+
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How do we loose hydrogen ions?
- Exhalation of CO2 (accumulation of CO2 cause elevation of H+)
- H+ secreted (exerted) by the kidneys.
- Buffers temporarily bind to H+
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How do we gain hydrogen ions?
- By metabolic activities that produce acids.
- for example, aerobic respiration produce CO2 that become carbonic acid and lactic acid from fomentation.
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At what PH are we considered to be in acidosis? How about alkalosis?
- Acidosis: PH below 7.35.
- Alkalosis: PH above 7.45
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How does aldosterone effects the body?
- Increase Na+ re-absorption
- Increase K+ secretion
- Stimulate salt receptors (makes you want to eat salty foods)
- as result, blood Na+ will rise and water follow by osmosis. That will raise blood volume and blood pressure.
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What effect does ADH have on water balance?
- Decrease urination
- Increase thirst
- That will increase fluid consumption and decrease fluid excretion. both together will increase blood volume and blood pressure.
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What kind of fluid shift will occur if the osmotic concentration of the ECF increases? How about if it decreases?
- Increase O/C of ECF : fluid shift from ICF into ECF
- Decrease O/C of ECF:fluid shift from ECF into ICF
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Which are the various ways that we can gain and lose water?
- Gain:
- Primary by water absorption via the GI tract (small and large intestines)
- By osmotic gradient as nutrient & ions absorbed, water follow.
- Loss:
- Mainly by urination
- also by other routes such as exhalation, sweat, and feces,
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Where/How we gain and lose water?
- Out of 2500 mL of water
- Gain: 2600 mL fluid ingested, 700 mL food ingested, and 200 mL metabolic water.
- Lose: 1500 mL in urination, 600 mL via skin, 300 mL in the lungs (exhalation), and 100 mL via GI tract (feces)
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How is the water in the ECF distributed?
- 80% in the interstitial fluid
- 20% in the plasma
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What proportion of water is in the ECF? How about the ICF?
- 1/3 in the ECF (extracellular fluid)
- 2/3 in the ICF (intracellular fluid)
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What accounts for the difference in water content between males and females?
- Muscle mass in males is grater then females.
- Skeletal muscle = 75% water
- Adipose tissue = 10% water
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What will occur if someone over-hydrated?
- cause by excessive blood loss, vomiting or diarrhea coupled with intake of pure water→
- decrease concentration of Na+ in blood & IF→
- decrease osmolarity of plasma & IF→
- fluid shift from ECF into ICF→
- Water intoxication (cells will pop from over fill)→
- Convulsion, coma and possible death.
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Understand the changes that occur in response to dehydration.
- two routs happens simultaneously.
- rout 1:
- Blood volume decrease→blood pressure decrease→Renin released→angoitensine II released.rout 2:
- osmolarity of body fluid increased→stimulate osmsoceptors
- Both routes lead to the following:
- Stimulates thirst center→increase thirst→increase water intake→increase water level.
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What is the normal range of blood PH?
Between 7.35 and 7.45
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