Hazmat.txt

Non Pressure tanks (atmospheric tanks), and Pressure tanks

0.5 psi

0.5 psi to 15 psi

15 psi

Tank and other rail cars (railroad), Cargo tanks (highway), and Intermodal containers (highway, railroad, or marine vessel)

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive

Above 100 psi

No pressure petroleum tanker, Egg or eliptical shape back

Low pressure, Horse shoe shape back

Ribbed outer shell for transferring heavy corrosives

3000 psi - 5000 psi

• Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container (FIBC), and Rigid Intermediate Bulk Container (RIBC).
• Both are called "totes"

Liquids, fertilizers, solvents, and other chemicals. They may have capacities up to 400 gallons.

Tanks that have capacities of 2000 lbs and are typically stored on their sides due to convex of concave heads. They commonly contain chlorine.

Bags, Carboys and Jerry Cans, Cylinders, Drums, and Dewar Flasks (cryogenic liquids)

Type A, Type B, Industrial, or Excepted.

High-activity materials like Plutonium

Awareness Level and Operations Level

Supplied Air Respirators. An atmosphere supplying respirator in which the user gets air from a supply hose located out of the IDLH atmosphere.

up to 300ft.

Air Purifying respirator. Contains an air purifying canister or cartridge that removes specific contaminants found in ambient air.

Particulate removing APR's, Vapor and gas removing APR's, and Combination particulate and vapor and gas removing APR's. No single canister protects against all chemical hazards.

Powered Air Purifying Respirator. Uses a blower to pass contaminated air through a canister to remove the contaminants and supply purified air to the facepiece.

95%, 99%, and 99.97%

15 min.

Proximity suits and Fire entry suits

2000^{o F}

Liquid splash protective clothing and Vapor protective clothing.

Level A, Level B, Level C, and Level D.

Level A provides the highest level of protection against vapors, gases, mists, and particles from the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin.

Level B has the highest level of respiratory protection and less protection of the skin. This ensemble provides protection against splashes from hazardous chemicals.

Level C is the same as Level B except that it has an Air Purifying Respiration device instead of SCBA. This ensemble provides protection against splashes from hazardous chemicals.

Typical work uniforms or street clothes. No need for respiratory protection and minimal skin protection.

NFPA 1994

Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3.

Ensemble that provides the highest degree of protection. They are designed to protect responders at these chemical and biological terrorism incidents. Whenever the identity of a vapor is unknown. When vapor protection is needed. Anytime liquid contact is expected and is not permitted because it poses a serious health risk.

To provide necessary sufficient vapor protection for the intended operation. When direct contact with liquids is likely. When victims are not ambulatory but are showing signs of exposure.

To provide necessary sufficient liquid protection for the intended operation necessary. When direct contact with liquid droplets is likely. When victims are impaired but ambulatory.

Heat illness caused by heat exposure, resulting in the body's failure of the heat regulating mechanism. High fever of 105^{o F}-106^{o F}, dry red hot skin, rapid strong pulse, deep breaths, and convulsions. May result in coma or death.

Heat illness caused by exposure to excessive heat. Weakness, cold clammy skin, heavy perspiration, rapid and shallow breathing, weak pulse, dizziness, and sometimes unconsciousness.

Heat illness resulting from prolonged exposure to high temperatures. Excessive sweating, muscle cramps in the abdomen and legs, faintness, dizziness, and exhaustion.

Condition that develops from continuous exposure to heat and humid air. Aggravated by clothing that rubs the skin, reduces the individuals tolerance to heat.

Mission Oriented Protective Posture. Ensembles used by the military to protect against chemical, biological, and radiological hazards.

0-4 and Alpha

7 ounces of fluid every 15-20 minutes.

Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Neutron.

Energetic, positively charged particles that lose energy when passed through matter. They are usually blocked by the outer dead layer of skin, and can be stopped completely by a sheet of paper. They are commonly emitted from uranium and radium.

Fast moving, positively or negatively charged electrons emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay. Exposure from sources such as tritium, carbon-14, and strontium-90. Able to penetrate the skin and cause radiation damage, but causes more damage from being ingested or inhaled. Beta particles travel distances up to 20 ft. (6m) but can be stopped by a layer of clothing or 2-3 millimeters of aluminum.

High energy photons. Often accompany the emission of alpha of beta particles from a nucleus. A naturally occurring source is potassium-40, industrial sources include cobalt-60, iridium-192, and cesium-137. They can pass easily through the human body or be absorbed by tissue. 2ft of concrete or 2in of lead can stop gamma rays.

Ultra high energy particles that have a physical mass like alpha or beta radiation but no electrical charge. They are highly penetrating and difficult to measure in the field and is usually estimated based on gamma measurements.

Acute dose and Chronic dose.

Exposure to a large dose of radiation received in a short period of time.

Small amounts of radiation received over a long period of time.

Time, Distance, and Shielding.

Simple and Chemical.

Gases that displace the oxygen necessary for breathing.

Substances that prohibit the body from using oxygen.

Inhalation, Ingestion, Contact, and Absorption.

Lethal Dose, Minimum amount of solid or liquid that when ingested, absorbed, or injected through the skin will cause death.

Median Lethal Dose, Statistically derived single dose of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50% of animals when administered by the oral route.

Lethal Dose Low, Lowest administered dose of a material capable of killing a specified test species.

Lethal Concentration, Minimum concentration of an inhaled substance in the gaseous state that will be fatal to the test group (usually within 1 to 4 hours).

Lethal Concentration Low, Lowest Concentration of a gas or vapor capable of killing a specified species over a specified time.

Threshold Limit Value, Concentration of a given material in parts per million (ppm) that may be tolerated for an 8 hour exposure during a regular workweek without ill effects.

Threshold Limit Value / Short Term Exposure Limit, 15 min. exposure with a 60 min. break in between but not more than 4 times daily. This exposure can be tolerated without any ill effects.

Threshold Limit Value / Ceiling, Maximum concentration of a given material in parts per million (ppm) that should not be exceeded, even instantaneously.

Gaseous, liquid or solid material that can burn, irritate, or destroy human skin tissue and severely corrode steel.

Liquid or solid that upon contact with fire or exposure to air emits dangerous or intensely irritating fumes.

Poison that causes an exposed individual to have convulsions.

Cancer producing substance.

Material that can cause an allergic reaction of the skin or respiratory system.

Chemicals that cause a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure to the chemical.

Viral Agents, Bacterial Agents, Rickettsias, and Biological Toxins.

The simplest types of microorganisms that can only replicate themselves in the living cells of their hosts. Viruses do not respond to antibiotics.

Microscopic single celled organisms. Most bacteria do not cause disease in people, but when they do, 2 different mechanisms are possible; invading the tissue or producing poisons (toxins).

Specialized bacteria that live and multiply in the gastrointestinal tract of arthropod carriers (ticks and fleas). They are smaller than most bacteria but larger than viruses. Single celled organisms, like bacteria, with their own metabolisms, and are susceptible to broad spectrum antibiotics. Most are only spread by the bite an infected arthropods and not through human contact.

Poisons produced by living organisms. Some have been manufactured synthetically in laboratories for purposes of biological warfare.

Striking and Friction Exposures.

An injury as a result from direct contact with an object from an explosion caused by failure of a pressurized container, a bomb.

An injury from portions of the body rubbing against an abrasive surface, causing raw skin (abrasions), blisters, and burns.

Blast Pressure Wave (Shock Wave), Shrapnel Fragmentation, Seismic Effect, and Incendiary Thermal Effect.

Gas, Liquid, and Solid.

The pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above (vapors released by a liquid) it's own liquid in a closed container.

The temperature that which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to or greater than the atmospheric pressure. It is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at a given pressure.

Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion

The weight of a given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. Vapor density less than 1 indicates a vapor lighter than air, while greater than 1 indicates a vapor heavier than air.

Ability of a liquid or solid to mix with or dissolve in water.

The degree or readiness to which 2 or more gases or liquids are able to mix with or dissolve into each other.

The weight of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water. Specific gravity less than 1 indicates a substance lighter than water and will float, while greater than 1 indicates a substance heavier than water and will sink.

The ability of a chemical to remain in the environment.

The relative ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction with another material.

Oxidizing Agent, Reducing Agent, and Activation Energy.

One side of the Reactivity Triangle. The energy to get a chemical reaction started.

One side of the Reactivity Triangle. Provides the oxygen necessary for the chemical reaction to take place. Examples: Oxygen, Organic Peroxides, and Alkyl Nitrates.

One side of the Reactivity Triangle. The fuel source for the reaction. It combines with the oxygen in such a way that energy is released. Examples: Heat, Shock, Radiation, and Light.

The tank is pressurized.

• Class 1 Explosives
• Class 2 Gases
• Class 3 Flammable Liquids
• Class 4 Flammable Solids
• Class 5 Oxidizing substances
• Class 6 Poisons or Toxins
• Class 7 Radioactive materials
• Class 8 Corrosive substances
• Class 9 Miscellaneous dangerous substances

Air Bill, Cockpit with pilot.

Bill of Lading, Vehicle cab with driver.

Waybill/Consist, Engine with conductor.

Dangerous Cargo Manifest, Bridge or pilot house with the captain or master.

Vision

53 gallons (200L) or less

53 gallons (200L) or more

Chemical ID number

Guide, Go here if the chemical is on fire or not highlighted green.

Inhalation Hazard and Water Reactivity. Go here if the chemical is highlighted in green and no fire.

Placards, Container, Chemical name, and Chemical number.

7

Bases

Acids

Standard system for the identification of the hazards of materials for emergency response on FIXED-STORAGE Facilities.

NFPA 704

Red, Blue, Yellow, and White.

Flammability

Instability

Health

Special Hazards

• 0-4
• 0 indicates a minimal hazard
• 4 indicates a severe hazard

Indicates an unusual reactivity with water.

every 4 years.

Gradual inability of a person to detect odors after initial exposure. May be extremely rapid in cases involving Hydrogen Sulfide.

Combustible Gas Indicator - Used to detect the concentration of combustible gases and vapors in the air. They measure the percentage of LEL, percent of gas by volume. Set to sound alarm if concentrations of 10% or higher are found.

Chemical Agent Monitor - Utilize various technologies to specifically detect chemical warfare agents.

Flame Ionization Detector - Utilize a hydrogen flame to which gaseous materials are exposed. These devices detect organic gases and vapors and are not safe to operate in hazardous (explosive) atmospheres.

Photo-Ionization Detector - Uses an ultraviolet lamp to ionize samples of gaseous materials. They are used to detect the concentrations of many organic and some inorganic gases and vapors at the same time, and they make good general survey instruments. They are particularly useful when chemical hazards are unidentified or undetermined.

(CGI) Combustible Gas Indicators are often combined with other common gas sensors (those that detect oxygen, carbon monoxide, or hydrogen sulfide) to form monitors that can detect 2, 3, or 4 gases.

Indicate the presence of biological agents and toxins by detecting the presence of specific antibodies.

Uses Infrared spectroscopy technology to compare the infrared spectra of chemical samples against a library of known spectral signatures.

Uses Light (typically a laser) to compare the spectra signature of chemical samples against a library of known spectral signatures.

Use a radioactive source to ionize samples in order to determine their spectra. These devices are currently used to detect chemical warfare agents and explosives.

Ionizes samples in order to determine their composition that is compared to a library of known compositions.

Fixed devices that sound an alarm when the presence of a certain chemical is detected. Most common is carbon monoxide monitors, but chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, ethylene oxide, and hydrogen cyanide are also available.

Change colors to indicate the presence of specific hazards such as oxidizers, hydrogen sulfide, and peroxides.

Detect a variety of gases and vapors. Are best used when the chemical is suspected as opposed to trying to identify a complete unknown.

Detect levels of Alpha, Beta, or Gamma radiation by collecting and counting the number of ions present.

Has the ability to identify specific DNA sequences and identifying types of biological agents and toxins.

Utilizes surface acoustical wave technology to detect nerve agents, blister agents, blood agents, choking agents, and some Toxic Industrial Materials/Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TIMs/TICs)

Worn to measure (sometimes identify) an individual's exposure to a particular radiation.

A secondary Device.

Industrial chemical that is toxic at certain concentration and is produced in quantities exceeding 30 tons per year at any one production facility. Readily available and could be used by terrorists to deliberately kill, injure, or incapacitate people.

• Salivation (drooling)
• Lacrimation (tearing)
• Urination
• Defecation
• Gastrointestinal upset
• Emesis (vomit)
• Miosis (pinpoint pupils)

Hours, or Days to develop.

Dust or Powder.

A terrorist attack that involves the use of explosive materials and incendiary devices.

80% - 90%

Flammability

Phosphine Gas

6lbs

Castor Bean

• 1. Life Safety
• 2. Incident Stabilization
• 3. Property Conservation

29 CFR 1910.120

Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER)

• 1. Information gather and analysis stage.
• 2. Processing and planning stage.
• 3. Implementation or output stage.
• 4. Review or evaluation stage.

To cause to become less harsh or hostile. To alleviate.

Upwind, Uphill, Upstream.

NFPA 1991

NFPA 1992

NFPA 1981

Recognize, Notify, Identify, Protect

10 ³/₄ by 10³/₄

Gases that are converted into liquids by being cooled below -150⁰F (-101⁰C)

Radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms resulting in a chemical change in the atom.

Minute component of an atom that posses a negative charge.

Packet of electromagnetic energy.

Granular, porous filtering material used in vapor or gas removing respirators.

Something that affects an entire system rather than a single location or entity.

Quantity of a chemical material ingested or absorbed through skin contact for purposes of measuring toxicity.

Material Safety Data Sheet - Form provided by the manufacturer of chemicals that contains information about chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, health and safety hazards, emergency response procedures, and waste disposal procedures.

Distance within which all persons are considered for evacuation in all directions from a hazardous materials incident.

Downwind distance from a hazardous materials incident within which protective actions should be implemented.

Circular zone (with a radius equivalent to the initial isolation distance) withing which persons may be exposed to dangerous concentrations upwind of the source and may be exposed to life-threatening concentrations downwind of the source.

Having occupants remain in a structure or vehicle in order to provide protection from a rapidly approaching hazard.

Chemical reaction between 2 or more materials that changes the materials and produces heat, flame, and toxic smoke.

Chemical substance that is intended for use in warfare or terrorist activities to kill, seriously injure, or seriously incapacitate people through its physiological effects.

Radiological Dispersal Device - Device that spreads radioactive contamination over the widest possible area by detonating conventional high explosives wrapped with radioactive material.

Chemical warfare agent that attacks the lungs causing tissue damage.

Improvised Explosive Device - device that is categorized by its container and the way it is initiated; usually homemade, constructed for a specific target, and contained in almost anything.

Awareness and Operations levels

Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazard Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction

Temporary or permanent barriers that contain or direct the flow of liquids.

Formal review of the hazards that are used to determine the appropriate level and type of personal and respiratory protection that must be worn. Hazard and risk assessment is a continuous and ongoing process.

Process of leaving or being removed from a potentially hazardous location.

Physical configuration of the land or terrain.

Level 1, 2, and 3.

This type of incident is within the capabilities of the fire or emergency services organization or other first responders. A Level 1 incident is the least serious and the easiest to handle.

This type of incident is beyond the capabilities of the first responders on the scene and may be beyond the capabilities of the first response agency/organization having jurisdiction. This level require the services of a formal haz mat response team.

This type of incident requires resources from state/provincial agencies, federal agencies, and/or private industry in addition to unified command. This level is the most serious of all hazardous material incidents. A large-scale evacuation may be required.

Broad Statements of what must be done to resolve the incident. They are prioritized depending on available resources and the particulars of the incident.

Specific Operations that must be done in order to accomplish those goals.

Incident Action Plan (IAP)

Offensive, Defensive, and Non-intervention.

A strategy that includes actions to actively control the hazard.

A strategy that provides confinement of the hazard to a given are by performing defensive actions such as containing the hazard.

Isolates the area to protect the public and emergency responders, but allows the incident to run it's course on it's own.

Time and Performance.

Necessary modifications may be made to improve the plan if necessary.

The process of controlling the flow of a spill and capturing it at some specified location. Most defensive control options are related to confinement.

Act of stopping the further release of a material from it's container.

Energy from a radioactive source emitted in the form of waves or particles.

Confinement and Containment.

The IC should receive favorable progress reports from tactical and-or task supervisors and the incident should begin to stabilize.

Incident Action Plan

The most important means by which responders can ensure the safety of themselves and others.

The boundary established to prevent access by the public and unauthorized persons. It also includes preventing contaminated or potentially contaminated individuals from leaving the scene in order to stop the spread of hazardous materials. It can also be expanded or reduced as needed, and it is used to control both access and egress from the scene.

Provide for the scene control required at haz mat and terrorist incidents to protect responders from interference from unauthorized persons, help regulate movement of first responders within the zones, and minimize contamination. Referred to as Hot, Warm, and Cold Zones.

(Also called Exclusion Zone) An area surrounding an incident that is potentially very dangerous either because it presents a threat in the form of a hazardous material or the effects thereof, or there are armed and dangerous individuals present (ex. hostage situation).

Special Weapons And Tactics

Urban Search And Rescue

Joint Hazard Assessment Team

(Also called Contamination Reduction Zone or Corridor) An area adjoining the Hot zone and the Cold zone. It's used as a buffer between the hot and cold zones and is the place to Decontaminate personnel and equipment (The Decon Corridor) exiting the hot zone. PPE is normally required in this zone.

(Also called Support Zone) An area that encompasses the warm zone and is used to carry out all logistical support functions of the incident. The multi-agency command post, staging area, donning/doffing area, back up teams, research teams, logistical support, criminal investigation teams, triage/treatment/rehabilitation, and transport areas are located in the cold zone.

Prearranged, temporary strategic location, away from the emergency scene, where units assemble and wait until they are assigned a position on the emergency scene and from which these resources must be able to respond within 3 minutes of being assigned.

Location where accident casualties are held after receiving medical care or triage before being transported to medical facilities.

Area located in the Warm Zone where contaminated clothing, people, and equipment can be cleaned or secured.

Traditionally in the Warm Zone. Area to wait for evacuation and/or decon. Area where evacuated persons are directed to gather while potential emergencies are addressed, decisions are made, and mitigating activities are begun.

Safe location where emergency personnel can rest, sit, and lie down, have food and drink, and have medical conditions evaluated; located in the Cold Zone.

Area where persons are brought for medical assessment and treatment/stabilization; located in the Cold Zone.

Emergency Operations Center - Disaster management center for government agencies.

Reciprocal assistance from one fire and emergency services agency to another during an emergency based upon a prearrangement between agencies involved.

Written agreement between 2 or more agencies to automatically dispatch predetermined resources to any fire or other emergency reported in the geographic area covered by the agreement.

Stage of an incident when the immediate problem or emergency has been controlled, contained, or extinguished.

National Response Plan - The process spelled out for all local, state, and federal emergency response plans that must comply with these provisions.

Local Authorities then State then the Federal Government.

Protection

The Protection and Safety of emergency responders.

Ensuring accountability of all personnel

To provide a means of tracking all personnel and equipment assigned to the incident.

Incidents where multiple agencies/organizations may be responding.

Document, developed during the pre-incident planning, that contains the operational plan or set procedures for the safe and efficient handling of emergency situations at a given location.

Fire Service Passport System, T-card Systems for wild land incidents as well as systems that utilize newer technologies such as GIS systems and GPS systems.

A system of organizing personnel into work groups in such a manner that each member has a buddy or partner, so that nobody is working alone.

• 1 long blast (3 seconds long) - Cease Operations-All Quiet
• 3 short blasts (1 second each) - Evacuate the Area
• 1 long and 1 short blast - Resume Operations

The Safety Officer

To move all people from a threatened area to a safer place. To evacuate, there must be enough time to warn people, for them to get ready, and for them to leave. Evacuation is the best protective action to carry out. Evacuations can be an expensive, labor intensive operation.

Isolating the Area and denying entry, Conducting Rescues, Performing Mass Decontamination, and Providing Emergency Medical Care and First Aid. Additional measures include Evacuation, Sheltering in Place, and Protecting/Defending in Place.

Direct people to quickly go inside a building and remain inside until danger passes. People inside the structure should close all doors, windows, and turn off all heating and air-conditioning systems.

An active (offensive) role or aggressive posture to physically protect those in harms way.

To remove hazardous materials from victims. It is impossible to remove all contaminants, it is done simply to reduce contamination to a level that is no longer harmful. Decontamination also provides victims with psychological reassurance.

• 1. Get it off
• 2. Keep it off
• 3. Contain it

• Emergency Decon
• Mass Decon
• Technical Decon

Removing contamination on individuals in potentially life-threatening situations with or without the formal establishment of a decontamination corridor. The goal is to remove the threatening contaminant as quickly as possible - there is no regard for the environment or property.

Conducting rapid decontamination of multiple people at one time. May be conducted with or without a formal decon corridor or line. Initiated when the number of victims and time constraints do not allow the establishment of an in-depth decontamination process.

Using Chemical or physical methods to thoroughly remove contaminants from responders and their equipment. It may also be used on victims in non-life-threatening situations.

60psi

between 60psi - 90psi.

Ambulatory and Non-Ambulatory.

Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment/Transport

Victims who are able to understand directions, talk, and walk unassisted.

Victims who are unconscious, unresponsive, or unable to move unassisted.