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mineral salt (sodium, potassium, and calcium) that carries an electrical charge in solution
electrolyte
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simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion
glucose
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hormone produced by the pancreatic beta cells that allows body cell to use glucose for energy or store it int he liver as glycogen
insulin
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known as the master gland because it regulates many body activities and stimulates other glands to secrete their own specific hormones
pituitary gland
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organ containing the islets of Langerhans
pancreas
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two hormones produced through the islets of Langerhans
- glucagon - produced by alpha cells (needed when glucose is low)
- insulin - produced by beta cells (needed when glucose is high)
(both play important roles in regulating glucose levels)
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pertaining to poison (suffix)
-toxic
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outside, outward (prefix)
exo-
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edematous swelling in the tissues behind the eyes cause them to protrude; caused by Graves disease
exophthalmos
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decreased calcium causes muscle twitches and spasms
tetany
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general term, that when used alone, refers to diabetes mellitus (DM); most common pancreatic disorder; chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin properly
diabetes
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usually diagnosed in children and young adults; the body does not produce sufficient insulin
Type 1 Diabetes
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condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal
hyperkalemia
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excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight
obesity
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lower blood glucose levels by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen
insulins
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treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin
oral antidiabetics
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structures of the endocrine system
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- pineal gland
- thymus gland
- ovaries / testes
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located at the base of the brain; lies in sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
pituitary gland
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benign tumor often treated with radiation therapy
pituitary tumor
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one of the deadliest malignancies and accounts for 2% of diagnosed cancers in the U.S.
pancreatic cancer
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signs and symptoms of Graves Disease
- exophthalmos
- common form of hyperthyroidism
- production of thyroid hormone increases
- enlarged thyroid (goiter)
- elevated metabolic rate, abnormal weight loss, and muscular weakness
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signs and symptoms of Cushings Syndrome
- hypersecretion of adrenal cortex (cortisol)
- round, "moon-shaped" face with acne
- muscle weakness
- purple striated marks on skin
- hirsutism (abnormal hair growth)
- head and trunk grossly exaggerated
- pencil-thin extremities
- buffalo hump on upper back
- peptic ulcer
- hypertension
- susceptibility to infection
- anxiety and depression
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