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Perfusion
delivery of blood to tissues
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ischemia
lack of blood flow causes lack of nutrients/oxygen
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infarction
- death of a contiguous area of tissue from lack of blood flow
- (lack of blood flow --> lack of oxygen/nutrients)
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thrombus
stationary blood clot in vessels or heart
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embolus
- detached, traveling mass in vessel
- may be solid, liquid or gaseous?
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hematoma
collection of blood outside of vessels
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sclerosis
hardening of tissue
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phlebitis
inflammation of veins
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peripheral vascular disease
- huge category of vascular disease
- affects both veins and arteries
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what happens upstream from an arterial obstruction?
- more obstruction
- blood will be redirected to other arteries
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what happens downstream from an arterial obstruction?
- less blood flow
- --> less oxygen/nutrients --> ischemia
- -->less tissue perfusion
- --> necrosis/infarction
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what happens upstream from a venous obstruction? why?
- venous congestion --> edema
- increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
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what happens upstream from a lymphatic obstruction? why?
- lymphedema (massive edema)
- buildup of protein-rich fluid
- --> increased colloid osmotic pressure in interstitial space
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three factors that increase risk of thrombus formation
- stasis of blood
- rough endothelium/endothelial damage
- hypercoagulability
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how can atrial fibrulation increase risk for thrombus formation?
heart quivers instead of contracting --> stasis of blood --> clot
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how does rough endothelium cause thrombus formation?
good place for platelets to stick to and start clotting
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what factors can cause hypercoagulability?
cancer (cancer cells make tissue factor that promotes clotting)
oral contraceptives
dehydration
cigarettes
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the three factors that can cause thrombus formation are called _________
Virchow's triad
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Virchow's triad is made up of _______, _______ and ______, and increases risk of _________ in ______, ______ and ______
- stasis of blood
- rough endothelium/endothelial damage
- hypercoagulability
- increase risk of thrombus formation
- in arteries, veins and heart chambers
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Thrombophlebitis
inflammation in a vein from a clot
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3 signs/symptoms of superficial vein thrombophlebitis along course of vein,
one general s/s
- Redness
- Heat
- Tenderness
- Aching
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Why doesn't edema occur in superficial vein thrombophlebitis?
blood is diverted via communicating veins to deeper veins
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Signs/symptoms in lower extremity of deep vein thrombophlebitis
- generalized edema of extremity
- increased circumference of extremity
- possibly distension of superficial veins
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why does edema occur in deep vein thrombophlebitis?
- valves in communicating veins only go one way, so the blood cannot be shunted into superficial veins
- many veins empty into deep veins, which increases the pressure in them
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other generalized symptoms of deep vein thrombophlebitis
- pain, tenderness
- low grade fever
- may be asymptomatic
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which kind of vein thrombus can cause a pulmonary embolism? describe its pathway to the lungs
- deep vein thrombus
- loosens in legs (systemic circ)
- --> right heart
- --> lungs
- -->pulmonary embolism
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Signs/Symptoms of pulmonary embolism
- blood flow from lungs is blocked:
- sudden dyspnea (shortness of breath)
- lightheadedness/faintness
- +/- chest pain
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Valvular incompetence
valves don't shut properly
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superficial, raised, tortuous veins
varicose veins
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what causes varicose veins?
valvular incompetence
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chronic venous insufficiency
valvular incompetence in deep veins of legs
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