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Emotion is a feeling state characterized by:
What are the structures involved with these 3?
physiological arousal, expressive behaviors/responses, and cognitive interpretation.
Limbic system, Autonomic Nervous System, Somatic Nervous System, and the hypothalamus
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Emotion can only occur when we are __________. Extreme emotions/No emotion can impair abilities to ________ & ______ _________.
- conscious
- reason
- make decisions
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James-Lange theory of emotion (historical perspective):
What are the 3 components?
What is the definition?
What is it based in?
What does it assume?
- Stimulus: Response (physiological): Emotion
- We experience emotion in response to physiological changes in our body (physiology: appraisal)
- ANS: parasympathetic and sympathetic
- If you remove the physiological response, you can prevent emotion
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Cannon-Bard theory of emotion (a historical perspective):
What are the 3/4 components?
What is the definition?
What does this theory postulate?
- Stimulus: to thalamus: Emotion + Physiological response
- An event evokes the emotional experience and the physical arousal simultaneously, but independently (appraisal: physiology)
- Emotion originates in the thalamus, physiological changes happen slowly, and emotions happen quickly. These two are independently activated, but simultaneous
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Is ANS arousal necessary for emotions?
What are two examples of ANS arousal impairment for emotion?
- Some ANS activation is needed for emotion. For example, cognitive reactions can occur without ANS changes, but subjective experiences decrease without some ANS arousal
- Pure autonomic failure (PAF): male, late adulthood, loss of ANS, weak/mild emotions
- Locked in Syndrome: damage to ventral part of brainstem, loss of connection between the ANS and skeletal muscles, majority feel tranquility
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What is the purpose of emotions?
Emotions induce _______
Emotions (4)...
What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law of Arousal state?
- Motivation
- Spring us into actions, make us more reactive, facilitate learning/memory, facilitate performance
- the Yerkes-Dodson Law of Arousal states that low stress yields low performance, medium stress yields productive performance, and high stress yields low performance.
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What are the structures associated with emotion: The Limbic System
What are the overall structures?
What are the specific structures?
What are the two most important?
- Structures located on the medial aspects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
- hypothalamus, anterior/medial nuclei of the thalamus, limbic lobe (coagulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus & uncus), hippocampus, amygdala, insula, basal forebrain (septal area, pre optic area, nucleus accumbens, and the basal nucleus of Meynert)
- Cingulate gyrus (cognitive role) and Amygdala (fear & aggression)
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Is the limbic system solely responsible for emotions?
Experience and expression of emotions involves _________ _________ in the NS (e.g. _____, ______ ________) Emotional reactions result from interaction between ________ stimuli, _______ _______, past ___________, and _______ systems. Structures associated with emotions also may ______ _______ _________.
- widespread activity
- ANS, cerebral cortex
- Sensory, brain circuitry, experiences
- Neurotransmitter
- Have different functions
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The Limbic Sytem Interacts with the _______ ______ to facilitate ______ __ ________. We know this because of ______ _______
- Frontal Lobes
- Awareness of Emotion
- Phineas Gage
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There is cerebral Asymmetry in emotional processing
What is the left hemisphere responsible for?
The right?
- Left:
- Expression of positive emotion
- damage leads to loss of the capacity of joy
- activation leads to tendencies to approach other people (friendly, outgoing, happier)
- Right:
- Expression of negative emotion
- damage results in euphoria/mania
- activation leads to tendencies to withdraw from people (socially withdrawn, less satisfaction, unpleasant emotions)
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The amygdala is involved in _______ and _______ responses associated with _____ and _________, and also plays a role in _________.
- behavioral
- physiological
- fear
- anxiety
- agression
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Damage to the amygdala results in a loss of ____ or _______ and trouble in recognizing _______ _______ of _____. For example, _______-_______ disease results in damage to the amygdala
- fear
- anxiety
- facial expressions
- fear
- Urbach-Wiethe (this results in bilateral atrophy and an accumulation of CA)
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Aggression
What is responsible for aggression?
What is aggression?
What are the types?
What are these types both controlled by?
- No one site is responsible for all aggression
- Behavior that is motivated to cause harm to another living being
- Predatory: purposeful attack (food), this is not associated with high level of SNS
- Affective: for show behavior, associated with high levels in SNS
- Both controlled/mediated by the somatic motor system and ANS, but pathways eventually diverge
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The hypothalamus & midbrain
What does the hypothalamus send information to?
What are the two pathways that complete this movement of information?
- brainstem (specifically the midbrain)
- Medial forebrain bundle: movement from the lateral hypothalamus to the ventral segmental area, an increase in these areas elicits predatory aggressive behavior
- Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculus: Medial hypothalamus to periaqueductal gray matter, an increase in these areas elicits affective aggression
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The Amygdala and Aggression
The amygdala has multiple effects on ________ _________ via the ________ and other structures. Electrical stimulation of part of the amygdala may _________ affective and predatory aggression; lesions in these same areas may ________ affective and predatory aggression.
- aggressive behavior
- hypothalamus
- increase
- decrease
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Serotonin and Aggression
Serotonin, in the ______ _______, may be involved in __________ aggression. It is distributed through a ______ _______ system. A decrease in serotonin may ________ aggression. What two things may be a result of a decrease in serotonin?
- raphe nuclei
- regulation
- diffuse modulatory
- increase
- Suicide attempts, histories of violence
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