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Political/Civilian Considerations:
Military/Civilian Interaction:-non combatants must be protected-offensive I/O (Psyops)Post Hostile Support-Occupational Duty (Post Combat Ops)
- Collateral Damage:
- -exacerbated by world wide media reports
- -enemy attempts to characterize as unlawful
- -can be managed by careful drafting of ROE
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Collateral Damage:
Unintentional or incidental injury or damage to persons
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Fratricide:
Unforeseen and unintentional deaths or injury to friendly personnel
JTACs WORST NIGHTMARE
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PREVENTION / MITIGATION:
- High Potential (Fratricide):
- -CQB, PID problems, secondary weapons effects
- Collateral Damage Mitigation:
- -Delay Fuzing / Bomb Burial
- -Delivery Heading
- -Shielding
- Recognizing Friendly Force:
- -marking procedures
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URBAN CHARACTERISTICS:
- -SIZE
- -POPULATION DENSITY
- -STRUCTURAL DENSITY
- -BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
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Towns & Small Cities:
3,000-100,000
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Large Cities:
100,000-millions
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Strip Areas:
Areas built along roads connecting towns and cities
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TYPE A: Dense Random Construction
- Lesser developed nations
- -Building often connected making PID extremely difficult
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TYPE B: Closed Orderly Block Constructions
- Medium Size Towns and Large cities
- -Better Fields of view
- -PID objects areas easier than type A, locating friendlies remain difficult
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TYPE C: Residential Area Construction
- Close proximity to Type B areas
- -obstacle rich areas
- -narrow roads limit visibility of suitable LZs
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TYPE D: High Rise Area Construction
- -medium / large city
- -large open areas parking lots and parks (good LZs and DZs)
- -Significant terrain features may simplify references
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TYPE E: Industrial / Transportation
- -most open and dispersed of all types
- -more efficient RW operations (good LZs)
- -good LOS comms (lower building profiles)
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Building Characteristics:
1. Framed: thinner walls
2. Mass: thicker walls better protection
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Special Considerations:
- COASTAL FEATURES & WATERWAYS:
- -Hold strategic significance
- AIRFIELDS:
- -major urban commerce centers
- -flow of military and commercial air traffic vital
- -seizure of airfields is often primary obj
- SUBTERRANEAN FEATURES:
- -many larger cities have subterannean systems
- -hold military significance
- -cultural sites
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URBAN TARGET MARKING:
- -Laser
- -IR Pointers
- -Tracer Fire
- -Marking grenades
- -Rockets
- -Mortars
- -Mirror
- -Smoke
- -Panels
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TARGET ACQUISITION:
- -Target Reference Points (TRP)
- -Imagery / Gridded Reference Guide (GRG)
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Aircrew Limitations:
- -PID of Targets
- -Target Perspective
- -Locating Friendlies
- -Comms with the JTAC
- -All may be difficult due to Urban light Pollution, obstacles and loss of SA
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