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the study of the precise chemical details of how genetic systems work
molecular genetics
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hereditary chemical is a large molecule known as?
- DNA
- deoxyribose nucleic acid
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DNA is a polymer of?
nucleotides
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how many amino acids are needed to make a protein?
20
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what does the nucleotide structure contain?
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what is the base of a nucleotide structure?
5 carbon monosaccharide
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4 bases?
- adenine
- thymine
- guanine
- cytosine
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what holds the 2 strands of dna together?
sugar phosphate backbone
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who proposed that DNA is not a single stand, but a double helix
james Watson and francis crick
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DNA must be capable of ?
self replication
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DNA must be responsible for ?
all genetically controlled phenotypic characteristics
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template strand?
what is copied during DNA replication
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DNA replication?
unwind parental strand and use that to make daughter strand by following base pairing rules
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template strand dictates?
sequence of daughter strand
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mistakes CAN NOT happen during?
dna replication
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what happens when dna replication is completed?
there are two identical double stranded molecules
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synthesis reaction catalyzed by a family of enzymes referred to as a?
DNA polymerase
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what does the polymerase system check its work for?
to make sure everything is set up correctly
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what has a 2 part system of checking that gives you an error rate?
dna polymerase
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susceptibility to light related to ?
skin tone
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DNA is not directly responsible for the?
appearance of phenotypic characteristics
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proteins (enzymes) are responsible for ?
the appearance of traits
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DNA has the ______, proteins cause it to ___ ____
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link between dna and proteins in phenotypic traits is?
RNA
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the molecule that hooks up library with action molecules of protein
RNA
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RNA has____ instead of ____
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99.9% of DNA in chromosomes is?
nuclei
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RNA is ___ stranded
single
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copying mechanism from DNA to RNA?
transcription
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after transcription occurs, RNA is then transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where?
it will have a specific function depending on type
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___ types of rna can be transcribed
3
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carries the specific instructions on how to construct protein from the appropriate amino acids
messenger RNA
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a structural RNA used to construct ribosomes
ribosomal RNA
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a family of RNA's that transport amino acids to the ribosomes for incorporation into proteins
transfer RNA
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information in DNA is _____ on to mRNA
transcribed
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the information in mRNA is _____ in to protein
translated
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moving from one language to another
translated
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infectious proteins that can cause mad cow disease
prions
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bovine sponigifer enspefolitis (BCE)?
mad cow disease
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how do you get mad cow disease?
by eating infected food
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requires a code to translate nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences
RNA directed to protein synthesis
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in translation, code must be large enough to accommodate all __ amino acids needed to make biological proteins
20
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only __ possible nucleotides in translation
4
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steps of translation?
DNA to RNA to protein
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2 nucleotides code for a single amino acid
- doublet code
- (Doesn't work)
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triplet sequence is a ?
codon
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smallest part of code that has meaning
codon
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genetic code?
triplet code
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2 important parts of tRNA?
- anticodon
- amino acid attachment point
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sytem of 2 nucleotides
anticodon
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tRNA is bonded by a ?
covalent bond
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stages of translation?
- initiation
- elongation
- termination
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elongation?
peptide bond forms between 1st and 2nd amino acid
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what happens after elongation?
end up with 4 or 5 copies of same protein
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all genetic information is not constantly _____ and then ____
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humans have _______ cells controlled by approtximately _____ ____
- 100 trillion
- 30,000 genes
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function is controlling the expression of other genes
regulatory proteins
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uncontrolled mitosis?
cancer
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transformation of normal cell into malignant cell may be caused by?
turning on of oncogenes
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normal part of human genome, active during development then turned off
oncogenes
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abnormal activation can be caused by?
- radiation
- carcinogenic chemicals
- viral alteration of DNA
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very rare in non smokers, abnormally high in smokers
lung cancer
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