-
Anterior articulation:concave
Posterior articulation:concave
Vertebrae type and taxa?
- Amphicoelous(double hollow)
- fish
-
Anterior articulation:concave
Posterior articulation:convex
Articulation/vertebrae type and taxa?
- Procoelous (before hollow)
- reptiles
-
Anterior articulation:convex
Posterior articulation:concave
Articulation type and taxa?
- Opisthocoelous (behind hollow)
- reptiles/large mammal cervixal vertebrae
-
Anterior articulation:flat
Posterior articulation:flat
Articulation type and taxa?
- Acoelous (w/o hollow)
- mammal thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
-
Anterior articulation:saddle-shaped
Posterior articulation:saddle-shaped
Articulation type and taxa?
- Heterocoelous (different hollow)
- bird and turtle cervixal vertebrae
-
Neck
Allow for movement of the head
- Cervical
- Atlas and axis (1st &2nd)
- #7
-
Anteriot trunk
The ___ is the first vertebra fully rotating in a vertical plan due to changes zin orentation of the anterior and posterior articular processes.
The ___ comprises the last few thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
-
-
-
-
# of foot elements off ground:0
All in contact w ith the ground
-
# of foot elements off ground:1
Metacarpals/digits in contact
-
# of foot elemts off ground: 2
Digits in contact
-
Lengthening of limbs to body size (lengthen distal elements shorten proximal)
Decrease # of foot elements touching the ground
Increase anterior/posterior movement
Increase dorsal/ventral flexion of spine
Move muscle origin and insertion closer to joint
Decrease lateral/rotational movement by fusion of lower limb elements, hinge joints
Limb muscles moved proximally, reduction in weight and/or number of lower limb elements
Bipedal hoppers use tail as a counterbalance and to change direction
Lumbar vertebrae long anf broad, thoracic short and narrow, cervical short and can befused, innominatr bones tightly fused to sacrum
- Cursorial
- Quadrupedal hunters-cat, dog, lion
- Quadrapedal grazers-horse cow, camel, rabbi
- Bipedal-human, kangaroo, kangaroo rat
-
Decrease length of limbs relative to body size
Move muscle origin and insertiin away from joint
Increase relative size of muscles-origin and insertion sites prominent
Innominate bones inline with spine, tightly fused to a long sacrum, decrease spine flexibility
Lited movement of joints to prevent dislocation and hyperextension
Increase breadth of hand, foot, head, etc
Modified for force; digging
- Fossorial
- Scratch diggers-armadillo, ground squirrel
- Chisel-tooth diggers-pocket gopher
- Humeral-rotation diggers-moles
-
Decrease lemgth of distal elements, increase diameter to evenly distribute mass
Limb bone straighy , oriented vertically, joints inline with bones acetabulum and directed downward
Vertebral colimn stiffening, little movement around limb joints
Adapted for carrying heavy loads
Graviportal-elephant
-
Between branch climbers
Increase length of trunk/limbs- distal elements not especially lengthened
Increase lateral/rotational movement theough free lower limb elements, ball and socket joints
Origin and insertion not prominent
Opposable sigits ling, curved digits and claws
Prehensible capabilities in tail
Below branch climbers
Increase length of limbs relative to body size, especially forelimbs
Forelimbs can be completely straightened, scapula lies flat over back with glenoid oriented laterally, anteriorly, thorax, dorsoventrally flattened
Lumbar region in joints shortened and stiffened
Adapted for climbing; maneuverability and stability
- scansorial
- Above branch climbers-tree squirrel, three shrew
- Between branch climbers-opposum, sloth, monkey
- Below branch climbers-orangutan
-
Hopping animals
Saltatorial animals
-
Teres major
- O:cranial border of scapula
- I: proximal humerus
Action: retracts humerus/ rotates it medially
-
Biceps brachii
- O: dorsal border of glenoid fossa
- I: radial tuberosity
- Action: flex and supinate forearm
- ( to turn/rotate the hand/ forearm so palm faces up or foreward)
-
Triceps brachii
- O: long-head axillary border of scapula below glenoid; medial and lateral heads- shaft of humerus
- I: olecranon
Action:extend forearm
-
Quadriceps femoris
- O:ilium + proximal femur
- I: patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extend tibia, protract femur
-
Ischio-pubic series
- O:ischial tuberosity and ischiopubic symphysis
- I: medial surface of distal femur and proximal tibia
Action: flex tibia, retract femur
-
Gluteal series
- O: Lateral ilium and neural spines of sacral vertebrae
- I: greater trochanter of femur
Action: retract femur
-
Gastrocnemius
- O: lateral and medial epicondyle of femur
- I: calcaneal tuber
Action:extend foot
-
- 1. transverse process
- 2. prezygapophysis
- 3. spinous process
- 4. articular facet
- 5. centrum
- 6. vertebral canal
- 7.postzygapophysis
-
- 8. Atlantal foramen
- 9. vertebral canal
- 10. prezygapophysis
- 11. transverse foramen
- 12. post zygapophysis
- 13. transverse process
-
- 14. odontoid process
- 15. spinous process
- 16. postzygapophysis
- 17. prezygapophysis
- 18. transverse foramen
- 19. transverse process
- 20. centrum
-
- 21. vertebral canal
- 22. spinous process
- 23. lamina
- 24. prezygapophysis
- 25. transverse foramen
- 26. centrum
- 27. pedicle
- 28. transverse process
-
- 29. pleurapophysis
- 30. mamillary process
- 31. spinous process
- 32. accessory process
-
- 33. postzygapophysis
- 34. fused pleurapophyses
- 35. articular surface (with ilium)
- 36. sacral canal
- 37. spinous process
- 38. prezygapophysis
-
- 39. hemal process
- 40. hemal arch
-
- 41. manubrium
- 42. sternebra
- 43. xiphisternum
- 43.5. xiphoid process
- 44. body
-
- 45. capitulum
- 46. neck
- 47. tuberculum
- 48. angular process
- 49. body
-
- 50. capitulum
- 51. tuberculum
-
- 52. supraspinous fossa
- 53. cranial border
- 54. acromion process
- 55.dorsal border
- 56. scapular spine
- 57. infraspinous fossa
- 58. tuberosity of the spine
- 59. caudal borer
- 60. metacromion
- 61. subscapular fossa
- 62. glenoid fossa
- 63. corocoid process
-
-
- 65. head
- 66. bicipital tuberosity
- 67. styloid process
-
- 68. head
- 69. lesser tuberosity
- 70. supracondyloid foramen
- 71. medial epicondyle
- 72. trochlea
- 73. capitulum
- 74. olecranon fossa
- 75. lesser tuberosity
- 76. greater tuberosity
- 77. bicipital groove
- 78. pectoral ridge
- 79. supracondyloid ridge
- 80. radial fossa
- 81. lateral epicondyle
- 82. capitulum
- 83. trochlea
- 83.5. medial epicondyle
-
- 84. olecranon
- 85. semilunar notch
- 86. radial notch
- 87. corocoid process
- 88. styloid process
-
- 89. first digit
- 90. metacarpals
- 91. phalanges
-
- 92. crest of ilium
- 93. body of ilium
- 94. iliopectineal eminence
- 95. body of pubis
- 96. ramus of pubis
- 97. tuberosity of ischium
- 98. acetabular bone
- 99. spine of ischium
- 100. body of ischium
- 101. obturator foramen
- 102. ischiadic symphysis
- 103. pubic symphysis
-
- 104. head
- 105. lesser trochanter
- 106. linea aspera
- 107. trochanteric fossa
- 108. greater trochanter
- 109. medial condyle
- 110. intercondyloid fossa
- 111. intercondyloid fossa
- 112. lateral condyle
- 113. medial epicondyle
- 114. patellar surface
- 115. lateral epicondyle
-
-
- 117.medial condyle
- 118. lateral condyle
- 119. tibial tuberosity
- 120. lateral tuberosity
- 121. tibial crest
- 122. medial malleolus
- 123. lateral malleolus
-
- 124. calcaneus
- 125. talus
- 126. metatarsals
- 127. first metatarsal
- 128. phalanges
-
-
point of articulation to axial skeleton for forelimbs
- pectoral girdle
- -scaupla
- -clavicle
-
point of articulation of hindlimbs to axial skeleton
- pelvic girdle
- -ilium(red)
- -pubis(blue)
- -ischium(green)
-
Fo increases by:
- Increasing Li and decreasing Lospeed decreases as force increases
-
Vo increases by:
- increasing Lo and decreasing Li
- force decreases because Lo increases
-
waves passed along propulsive unit
undulatory swimmers
-
PU=vertebral column
undulatory swimmers: axial-based
-
PU= lateral or medial fins
- undulatory swimmers: fin-based
- salamander, crocodile, cetaceans
-
PU beats back/forth or up/down
oscillatory swimmers
-
PU acts as a paddle or oar-pulled at right angles to direction of motion -includes power and recovery stroke
- oscillatory swimmers:drag-based
- ie. frog, duck, manatee
-
Pu acts as a wing-held with only a small angle of incidence to direction of motion
- oscillatory swimmer: lift-based
- ie. sealion, sea turtle, penguin
-
- 1. Posttemporal
- 2. cleithrum series(supracleitrum, postcleitrum, cleitrum)
- 3. scapulocorocoid(anterior corocoid + scapula)
-
- frog: urostyle
- salamander:
- 1. suprascapular cartilage
- 2. procoracoid (anterior corocoid)
-
- Lizard(reptiles):
- 1. interclavicle
- 2. sternum
- 3. corocoid
-
- Turtle(reptile)
- 1.acromial process
- 2. corocoid (anterior corocoid)
-
- Birds:
- 1. carpometacarpus
- 2. tarsometatarsus
- 3. tibiotarsus
- 4. keeled sternum
- 5. furcula
- 6. synsacrum
- 7. pygostyle
- 8. foramen triosseum
- 9. corocoid(anterior corocoid)
- 10. uncinate process
-
tail loss in modern form results in ___ -derivative of the anterior caudal vertebrate
-
bones in aves are:____ and filled with ____
- 1. pneumatic
- 2. spicules (hollow spaces within bone)
|
|
