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What is non-communicable disease?
disease/illness cannot be transmitted from an infected person to another
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What are some contributing factors to non-communicable disease? (3)
- genetic
- environmental
- behavioural in nature
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What are some examples of non-communicable disease? (5)
- Alzheimer's
- chronic arthritis
- cancer
- depression
- heat attack
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Nearly ___ of NCD deaths occur in low and middle income countries.
80%
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What are the top 3 leading cause of death since 2000?
- heart disease
- cancer
- stroke
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What was the leading cause of death between 1850 and 1900? (2)
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What are the 4 behavioural risk factors of NCD?
- -smoking
- -inactivity
- -poor diet
- -alcohol use
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What are some examples of background risk factors? (4)
- age
- sex
- level of education
- genetic composition
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What re some examples of intermediate risk factors? (3)
- elevated blood lipids
- high blood pressure
- overweight/obesity
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What are some community risk factors and give some examples for each? (4)
- social and economic condition: poverty, employment and family composition
- Environment: climate or air pollution
- Culture: practices, norms and values
- Urbanization: housing, access to products and services
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There are approximately __________ smokers in the world, consuming __________ cigarettes annually.
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__________ people die from tobacco use each year (direct and second hand smoke)
6 million
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Second hand smoke increases the risk of? (4)
- cardiovascular disease
- lung cancer
- sudden infant death
- low birth weight babies
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Smoking is estimated to cause about __ of lung cancer.
71%
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Approximately _________ people die each year due to physical inactivity.
3.2 billion
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Regular physical activity reduce the risk of? (4)
- high blood pressure
- diabetes
- breast and colon cancer
- depression
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Approximately ____________ dies each year from the harmful use of alcohol.
2.5 million
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Alcohol is the world's __ largest risk factor for disease burden.
3rd
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How many minutes of physical activities are recommended for Canadian adults?
150 minutes per week
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Worldwide, ________ people die each year as a result of being overweight.
2.8 million
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Obesity has __________ since 1980.
doubled
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Obesity is a risk factor for? (4)
- coronary heart disease
- stroke
- type 2 diabetes
- some cancers
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What are the three health strategies for NCD?
- primary prevention
- secondary prevention
- tertiary prevention
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What is the goal with primary prevention?
the goal is to protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in the first place
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what are some examples of primary prevention? (5)
- education about good nutrition, regular exercise, dangers of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs
- proper seatbelt and helmet use
- regular exams and screening tests to monitor risk factors for illness
- immunization
- controlling potential hazards at home and in the workplace
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When does secondary prevention happen?
after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed.
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What is the goal for secondary prevention?
The goal is to halt or slow the progress of disease (if possible) in its earliest stages
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What are the goals in tertiary prevention? (4)
- slow disease progress
- maintain function
- lengthen life
- improve quality of life
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What are some methods used tertiary prevention? (3)
- risk factor modification (weight loss)
- reducing harmful exposure
- rehabilitation
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What is screening? (2)
- detects potential disease indicators
- indicates suspicion
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What is diagnostic testing?
- detects the presence of a disease
- results in definitive diagnosis
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Does early detection mean better outcome?
not always!
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Define True positive.
The patient has the disease and the test is positive
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Ideally, primary prevention will reduce the ______ and _______ of disease
incidence and prevalence
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What are some examples of when screening is used? (5)
- breast cancer
- colon cancer
- cervical cancer
- vision and hearing impairment
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What is screening the first step to?
first step to diagnosis
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Define false positive.
the patient does not have the disease but the test is positive.
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Define True negative.
the patient does not have the disease and the is negative
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Define False negative.
the patient has the disease but the test is negative
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What is sensitivity?
probability that a test correctly classifies people with the disease as having the disease
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What is specificity?
the probability that a test correctly classifies people without the disease as not having the disease.
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What is positive predicted value?
the probability that someone who tests positive actually has the disease.
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What is negative predicted value?
the probability that someone who tests negative actually does not have the disease
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In a 95% confidence interval, what can you conclude when 1 is included?
if it includes one, there's not 95% confidence interval
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