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Colonial Press
- late 1700s
- funded by hobbies/sideline; weren't trying to make money
- wealthy and educated bought them
- started in Boston and Philadelphia
- 1st newspaper was Public Occurrences both Foreign and Domestic
- the last page was left blank so people could write things on it
- newspapers weren't fair or balanced
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Partisan Press
- 1800s
- funded by Partisans (political parties)
- newspapers were one side; not balanced; biased; objective
- happened through patronage
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Penny Press
- 1833
- sales and subscribers supported these newspapers
- middle and merchant class; they can now afford these newspapers
- huge content change due to new class interest
- became more objective about what they were writing about; people wanted to check facts
- first was Ben Day, who founded "New York Sun"
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Yellow Journalism
- 1890s
- mostly funded by advertisers
- supported by citizens
- used fake information if they didn't have real news
- used flashy headlines to catch people's attention
- gatekeeping comes in
- Pulitzer started the World magazine; wasn't reaching lower class
- William Hurst then came along and reached out to the lower class
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aggregator
pulls from a lot of informational sources
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curation
the user/audience curate what to bring in
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major music industry issues
- 1. internet copyright and downloads
- -if it's online, is it copyrighted?
- 2. royalties- more about who should get paid
- 3. radio royalties- should radio have to pay one time for the song and be able to play it over and over again...or should they pay every single time
- 4. pirating- illegally downloading music and selling it
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Wireless Ship Act
- 1910
- showed that the government cared about being involved in regulating the airwaves
- first time they really showed the desire to be involved
- ships have to have radios on them to radio in
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Radio Act of 1912
- right after the Titanic
- made more specific rules for radio protocol
- you had to have 2 radio operators per shift
- started call letters; east of Mississippi is W; west of Mississippi is K; and NNA
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Radio Act of 1927
- established Federal Radio Commission
- public owns the airwavesproblems of interference where people tried to be on same airwave
- people broadcasting without licenses
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Communications Act of 1934
- got rid of the FRC and replaced it with the FCC (controlled and licensed all forms of communication)
- PICN (public interest convenience and necessity); localism
- what's on the radio needs to pertain to where you are
- people in UT don't want to hear about what small crimes are going on in NYC
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
- it assigned a certain wattage depending on where you lived
- internet wasn't under the FCC
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Media (change caused by television)
- switched from radio to television
- programming changes
- a form of media has never died
- newspapers were dying in the afternoon; people watched TV
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advertising (change caused by TV)
- sponsorships
- had to think of time and space and how much they would charge people for advertising (commercials) vs. how much they charged newspapers
- television dramatically changed advertising industry
- -shows used to be sponsored by only one advertiser
- -people could see it, so they wanted it
- -many commercials started coming about
- -we've realized we can make commercials shorter and have more advertisers
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social (change caused by TV)
- architecture
- family rooms were changed to accommodate a television
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entertainment industry (change caused by TV)
- movies were playing at the box office
- Netflix, Hulu, etc.
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cultural (change caused by TV)
- Civil Rights Movement
- we're able to actually watch the atrocities happening to other people
- -it was OK to read it in a newspaper, but was painful to actually watch it
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politics (change caused by TV)
- were made into a celebrity institution
- changed politics
- almost made it a drama
- Richard Nixon and JFK
- -Nixon had better arguments, but JFK was more confident
- -People who watched it on T.V. thought JFK won, but people on radio thought Nixon won
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Silent Era
- late 1800's, late 1920's
- 1903 The Great Train Robbery provides narrative in the movie that explained what was going on in the movie; nothing like it before then
- Talking movies
- -emerged with the Jazz Singer
- -people didn't like it at first
- Payne Fund Studies
- -kids going to movies more are doing worse in school
- Hayes Code Reformation (1930)
- -basically no sex, kissing, can't make crimes look good, etc.movie
- -turned into the rating system
- -started to look at the effect of media on kids towards the end of this era
- Early 1920s people become concerned with declining morals (the same as with radio, TV, etc.)
- -Hollywood star got divorced and got married within a week...insinuating that they had a relationship before the divorce
- -Citizen groups started calling for the government to censor the movies because they were concerned with the declining sense morals...so they created the Motion Picture Production Association
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Studio Giants
- late 1920s-WWII
- really short era because of the Great Depression
- propaganda
- -repetition
- -simplicity
- -imagery
- -sentiment
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Golden Age
- 1945-mid 50s
- Suspense
- Hitchcock mania
- short era because it was interrupted by TV
- Alfred Hitchcock saw how he could use black and white and various shades of grey to create things that were intense
- color was dominated by Technicolor
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Widescreen and Color Era
- mid 50s-late 70s
- drive-in theaters
- Technicolor became more popular
- many movie companies (MGM, Columbia Pictures, Paramount) suffered because of TV
- rating systems replaced Hayes code
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Resurgence/Blockbuster Era
- late 1970s/early 1980s-2000s
- Jaws, Indiana Jones
- realizing that you can sell a character more than you can sell a movie
- ex. Harry Potter, Luke Skywalker...
- Universal Pictures
- -had Alfred Hitchcock on contract
- -did Spaghetti Westerns
- --low budget films
- --made pretty good profit
- -experimented with young movie makers
- --someone wanted to make a movie about their life cruising around their hometown
- --his name was George Lucas; made American Graffiti
- --Steven Spielberg created Jaws
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Era of Change and Innovation
- 2000-present
- DVD's, special effects
- ex. Avatar
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magazines
are a form of demassification because there are so many types
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how has marketing of movies changed in the past 10 years?
- watch many trailers online through youtube, social media, etc.
- new competition
- -Hulu, Netflix, etc.
- certain movies are made specifically for this
- CGI
- -computer generated graphics
- -Avatar; has made 2.7 billion dollars
- we have so many ways of distributing movies
- has movie industry constantly changing
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gatekeeping
- similar to agenda setting theory
- 1. every newsroom has a subculture of complex values and judgments
- 2. there is a difference between the medium and the taste of the audience making assumptions about it
- 3. you have lots of stories and information you have to sort through
- 4. you have limited space so you have to prioritize things
- 5. you make decisions/judgments about what to cover
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hypodermic needle/magic bullet theory
- the media sent a message out, and the public responds
- Three Phases:
- 1. media injects its messages straight into the audience
- 2. the audience is passive and immediately affected by these messages
- -passive: much more vulnerable to message; listen more
- 3. you can't escape the media's influence
- -much more susceptible to media's message
- -refers a lot to 1920's,30's,40's
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war of the worlds
- people responded in an alarming way
- Why did people respond this way?
- -this was their most accredited news source
- -there was a live voice
- -this was trusted news; people trusted it
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TV as an illustration of demassification
- Allowing to rewind and fast-forward
- time-shifting
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Power Rangers Theory (part of social learning/modeling theory)
- came out in 1995
- took a control group
- one group of kids in classroom doing reading/coloring
- one group of kids watching Power Rangers
- then they sent them out to the playground
- kids who watched Power Rangers acted like Power Rangers on the playground
- found many acts of aggression during Power Rangers episode
- those who had watched the episode committed 7 times as many acts of aggression after viewing
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Bobo Doll Theory (part of social learning/modeling theory)
- Three parts:
- live model
- verbal instruction
- symbolic
- the children were put in a room with a lot of toys and a large inflatable doll
- when they watched the adult act violent, they acted violent
- when they watched the adult be more calm, they weren't violent
- showed that when you see someone doing violent actions, it doesn't purge you of doing them, it makes you want to be violent-this was an immediate effect saying stimuli is being sent out, and there's an immediate emotional response
- similar to magic bullet theory
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