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Catabolic reactions break apart......and release....
- the bonds holding larger molecules together
- the energy in the bonds
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Anabolic reactions bond.........to make.....and therefore use....
- smaller molecules together
- larger molecules
- energy
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In a reduction reaction a molecule is ______ an electron. The electron is ________ by a molecule involved in a ________ reaction
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Reduced molecules are _______ electrons
Oxidized molecules are ________ electrons
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Anabolism and catabolism are linked reactions with the __________ of one set of reactions being used to _________________. This linkage works in either direction as long as an outside source of_______________are available.
- products
- keep the reactions in the other going
- nutrients and energy
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3 important carrier molecules in respiration
- NAD- NADH (reduced)
- NADP-NADPH(reduced)
- FAD- FADH2 (reduced)
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Pentose Phosphate pathway uses
NADP
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THe Entner-Duodoroff pathway uses
NADP
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Acetyl CoA synthese uses
NAD
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Krebs cycle uses
NAD and FAD
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Electron Transport uses
NADH and FADH
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3 ways cells phosphorylate
- Substrate-level phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Photophophorylation
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In substrate-level phosphorylation, the phosphate being transferred to ADP comes from an _________
organic molecule
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In oxidative phosphorylation, energy from ______________ is used to attach an __________ phosphate to ADP
- oxidation reduction reactions
- inorganic
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Photophosphorylation uses ___________ and ___________ phosphate to phosphorylate ADP
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substrate level phosphorylation occurs in
Glycolysis
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Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in
Chemiosmosis
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Photophosphorylation occurs in
chemiosmosis
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Enzymes end in the letters
ase
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An enzymes name often describes its action. Examples:
Polymerase are
Lipases use
enzymes that are used as catalysts in reactions that make polymers
use lipids as a substrate
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What form the base of most enzymes?
proteins
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Ribozymes are
ribosomes that act as enzymes in reactions involving other RNA molecules
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A proteinaceous enzyme that has another molecule(factor) in addition to the protein is called a
holoenzyme
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The protein part of the holoenzyme is the
apoenzyme
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the additional factor of the holoenzyme is the
cofactor
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What is a coenzyme
an organic molecule cofactor
all coenzymes are vitamins or contain vitamins
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Enzymes help reactions by
lowering the amount of energy needed to trigger or start the reaction
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The trigger energy of a reaction is called the
activation energy
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What is a substrate
the molocule involved in the reaction
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Enzyme-substrate specificty
the active site is very specific for the substrate that will be involved in a specific complex reaction
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What is the active site on an enzyme
a location on the enzyme that is an "exact fit" for the substrate molecule and is where the reaction will occur
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Induced-fit model
interaction between the active site and the substrate
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Four factors that affect enzymatic rates
temperature- too high causes denaturation or a change in shape
pH- too high or too low can break bonds and cause danaturation
enzyme and substrate concentrations- more=faster
the presence of inhibitors- can deanture or slow or stop the reaction
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What type of macromolecule is an enzyme?
a protein
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Why is there a need for inhibition
if you want to control how much product is being produced
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3 types of inhibitors
- Noncompetitive ( allosteric)
- competitive
- End-product
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They type of inhibition in which the inhibitor molecule fits into an allosteric site (alternative site). The inhibitor is not using the active site
noncompetitive "allosteric"
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Inhibition in which the inhibitor inhibits by competing with the substrate for the active site. The inhibitor is occupying the active site so the substrate cant
competitive
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Inhibition in which the end product of a metabolic pathway is used as the allosteric inhibitor.
end product
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deamination
removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound
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End products of Glycolosis
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Pathways involved in Respiration
- Glycolysis
- Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport
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In and Out of ETC
- In- NADH and FADH, electrons
- Out- energy used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
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Krebs In and Out
- In- 2 acetyl groups, 6 NAD, 2 FAD, 2 ADP + 2 P
- Out- 4 C02, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
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Alternative pathways to glycolysis
- Pentose Phosphate pathway used in anabolic reactions such as those that synthesis nucleic acids
- Entner-Duodoroff pathway- need fewer coennzymes, produce different metabolities, reduce NADPH instead of NADH, all of which are needed for synthesis of DNA, nucleotides, steroids, and fatty acids.
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fats and protiens are ____________ into their basic monomer subunits and used as substrates
catabolized
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anabolic reactions require
energy and basic precursor metabolites
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what is an amphibolic pathway
function as either catabolic or anabolic as needed
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