chapter 3 theory

the musculoskeletal system is made up of these three interrelated parts

bones are connected to one another by fibrous bands of tissue called

muscles are attached to the bone by bands of tissue called

the tough fibrous covering of the muscles (and some nerves and blood vessels) is called

skeletal system is composed of these two types of connective tissue

cartilage and bone are both composed out of a structural protien called

is composed of collagen and cartilage cells (chondrocytes)

forms parts of the ears and nose, along with temporary bones in the fetal skeleton

found in the discs between the backbones and pubic bones in the pelvis

forms the attachements of the ribs to the breastbone (costochondrial cartilage) and part of the voicebox, windpipe, and bronchi

***hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the long bones and serves to cushion and protect the joints is called

the covering of the elastic and hyaline cartilage (with the exception of articular cartilage) is called

infexible structures

two types of bone/osseous tissue

dense, stronger, outer segment of bones

more open, weaker part of bones

***the musculoskeletal system structures (5 answers)

during this process, connective tissues are turned into osteoblasts

immature cells that build bone

mature bone cells

cells that break down bone to release the calcium salts as needed by the body

formed by a fibrous protein substance that provides a framework in which the mineral salts (calcium, phosphate, and hydroxide) are deposited

the cylindrical units within the harder, outer cortical bone that are built up in layers by this deposition process with a mature osteoblast, now called osteocyte, in it's middle

meaning "little plate"

located longitudinally to the long axis of the bone

join each of the Haversian canals in a horizontal fashion

a normal skeleton is composed of ___ bones

***the 2 parts the skeleton itself can be divided into

*** includes skull, vertebrae and rib cage

***includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles, and the upper and lower extremeties

connects the arms to the axial skeleton with the shoulder blades and collarbones

provides attachment for the leg with its two pelvic bones

head and facial bones are:

upper bones are:

lower bones are:

the shaft of the long bone

***the ends of the long bone

the site of growth for bone lengthening. this plate is "sealed" when growth stops (age 18-20)

***the tissue that surrounds the bones

specialized cells in bones  to provide the sensation of pain when damage occurs

***the inner lining of the center of the bones

two types of bone marrow in the medullary cavities.

***the skull is made up of two parts:

parts of the body where two or more bones of the skeleton join

***immovable joints held together by fibrous cartilaginous tissue

***joints joined together by cartilage that are slightly movable (vertebrae, pubic bone)

***joints that have free movement. (ball and socket joints and hinge joints)

most complex of the joints

sacs of fluid that are located between the bones of the joint and the tendons that hold the muscles in place

consist of crescent-shaped cartilage in the knee joint that additionally cushion the joint

tissue that is composed of cells with the ability to contract and relax

***three different functions of muscles in the human body

***allows the skeleton to move voluntarily

***responsible for involuntary movement of the organs

***pumps blood to the circulatory system

***three types of muscles

***muscle which are the primary movers

***have the opposite action of the agonists muscles (contract when agonists relax and relax when agonists contract

***groups of  muscles that contract together to accomplish the same body movement

***strong, broad, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue that serves as a tendon. often merge with other tendons to attach muscle to bone

***have a characteristic membranous lining and are the covering of certain tendons

***tough outer covering of both the muscles and the tendons

***fracture where broken bone is still in alignment

***ends of fractured bones that are not in alignment

***traumatic injury to a joint involving the ligaments. swelling, pain, and discoloration of the skin may be present

***lesser injury that a sprain, usually described as overuse or overstretching of a muscle or tendon

***bone that is completely out of its place in a joint

***bone partially out of the joint

***if a bone does not mend a realign correctly

methods of fixation and alignment are

***noninvasive repositioning and stabilization of broken bonesin which no opening is made in the skin

***reposition and stabilization of broken bones in their correct position using pins, screws, plates,  and so on, which are fastened to the bones to maintain correct alignment

***alignment and immobilization of the ends of a broken bone