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Strong Acids
- Nitric Acid - HNO3
- Sulfuric Acid - H2SO4
- Chloric Acid - HClO3
- Perchloric Acid - HClO4
- Hydrochloric Acid - HCl
- Hydrobromic Acid - HBr
- Hydroiodic Acid - HI
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Activity Series - Group 1
Replaces H2 in:
H2O (l)
H2O (g)
Acid
Li, K, Ba, Sr, Ca, Na
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Activity Series - Group 2
Replaces H2 in:
H2O (g)
Acid
Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr
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Activity Series - Group 3
Replaces H2 in:
Acid
Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb
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Activity Series - Group 4
Replaces H2 in:
(nothing)
Sb, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pd, Pt, Au
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Soluble Compounds
- Na+, K+, Cl-, Br-, I-, F-
- NH4+
- Nitrate: NO3-
- Chlorate: ClO3-
- Perchlorate: ClO4-
- Sulfate: SO42-
- Acetate: CH3CO2-
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Exceptions for Soluble Compounds
- Acetates: Al3+, Ag+
- Halides: Ag+, Hg2+, Pb2+
- Fluorides: Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+
- Sulfates: Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+
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Insoluble Compounds
- S2-, O2-
- OH-
- Carbonate: CO32-
- Phosphate: PO43-
- Oxalate: C2O42-
- Chromate: CrO42-
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Exceptions for Insoluble Compounds
- Alkali Metal Cations
- Ba(OH)2
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Three Ion Combinations That Yield Unexpected Molecular Products
- 1. Carbonate:
Expected: 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) -> H2CO3(aq)Actual: 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) -> CO2(g) + H2O(l) - 2. Sulfate:
Expected: 2H+(aq) + SO32-(aq) -> H2SO3(aq)Actual: 2H+(aq) + SO32-(aq) -> SO2(g) + H2O(l) - 3. Ammonium Hydroxide:
Expected: NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) -> NH4OH(aq)Actual: NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) -> NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
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