Chapters 10 and 11

• Developed the hierarchical classification scheme that is still used today (Linnaean system)
• Believed in special creation, so evolution was not considered when he classified organisms.

• classifications built off similarities.
• under this system, birds would be placed in their own order, because nothing else resembles them.

• Evolutionary Systematics
• Numerical Phenetics
• Phylogenetic Systematics

• Classification involving relatedness as well as morphological diversity (overall similarity)
• Endorsed by Ernst Mayr and George G. Simpson

• Based on similarities and differences among taxa
• All characters are given equal weight (not realistic)
• Lots of characters, lots of math

• Identifying and understanding evolutionary relationships among the many different kinds of life on earth, both living and non living\
• Relationships established by phylogenetic systematics often describe a species' evolutionary history and its phylogeny.

The study of ancestor/descendant relationships among taxa revealing "family trees" of taxa

• Father of phylogenetic systematics.
• Systematics should reflect the known evolutionary history of lineages as closely as possible.

Never presume convergent or parallel evolution; always presume homology

• (outgroup comparison)
• Homologous characters found only in the in-group are apomorphic (derived) while homologous characters shared with a sister group are plesiomorphic (basal/primitive or ancestral state)

Only synapomorphies provide evidence of common ancestry.

Information from two transformation series can be combined into a single hypothesis of relationship if that information allows for the complete inclusion or exclusion of groups which fomred by the separate transformation series.

All species share a common ancestor, and all species derived from that common ancestor are included. This is the only form of grouping accepted as valid by cladists

All species share a common ancestor, but not all species derived from that common ancestor are included

Species that do not share an immediate common ancestor are lumped together, while excluding other members that would link them.

• 1. Location of greatest differentiation of a type (greatest number of species)
• 2.Location of dominance or greatest abundance of individuals (most successful area)
• 3.Location of synthetic or closely related forms (primitive and closely related forms)
• 4. Location of maximum size of individuals

• Croizat
• Importance of styding multiple groups to determine biotic patterns
• Noted similar patterns of disjunction
• Drew "tracks" to indicate historical connections

• Nelson and Platnick
• Phylogeny of taxa will match the historical relationships among geographic localities if speciation resulted from vicariant events.
• This is not expected to hold if isolation resulted from jump dispersal

• Brundin
• importance of rigorous and objective methods in the analysis of biogeographic data
• Strongly advocated for the application of Hennigian Cladistics

• Some show a simple progression of old island colonization and subsequent colinization of newer islands in order they emerged.
• Others reveal more complex patterns of colonization across the archipelago.