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Wallace's Realms
- Palearctic- temperate Eurasia and Northern Africa
- Oriental- Tropical Asia
- Ethiopian- Sub-Saharan Africa
- Australian- Australia, New Guinea, and New Zealand
- Nearctic- Temperate North America
- Subtropical/tropical Central America and South America.
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Cosmopolitan
- Species with a very broad (roughly worldwide) ranges.
- Good dispersal characteristics
- broad ecological tolerances
- generalists food (soil) habitats
- ruderals-do well in disturbed sites
- Examples: humans, some microbes, peregrine falcon, vespertillionid bats
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Endemics
- Limited dispersa
- Competitive strategy
- mutualist
- limited tolerance
- evolutionary young
- Ex: cui-ui, bristlecone pine
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Relicts
- Sole survivors of a previously more diverse taxon
- Biogeographic relicts are narrowly endemic descendants of a previously more widespread taxon.
- Ex: humans (taxonomic relicts), "Living fossils" are relicts in both senses.
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Disjunctions
- Distributions in which closely related populations/species live in widely separated areas.
- E.g. Oceans for terrestrial species
- Vicariance and temporary habitat bridges
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Provincialism
- Sister species tend to have somewhat overlapping or adjacent ranges. Diversification is often regionally local.
- Sets of distantly related taxa (e.g. plants and animals often show similar patterns of endemism. Suggest shared history of local origin and limited dispersal.
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Challenge of drawing biogeographic "lines"
- Some species of mammals and fishes extend their ranges to newly available areas.
- Blurs boundaries.
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Oceanic Islands
- Lower taxonomic richness
- insular endemics
- species derived from ancestors that were good at over-water dispersal
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Continental Islands
- Species are closely related to continental forms or have ranges that include immigration sources.
- Biota includes poor over-water dispersers, hence are more balanced or "harmonic"
- May have recently been connected by land bridges.
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Convergent Evolution
Natural selection can lead to converge in phenotypes, but this typically occurs while genomes continue to diverge
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Convergent Evolution: Analogy
Similarity due to convergent evolution, not common ancestor
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Convergent Evolution: Homology
Similarity due to shared inheritance (common ancestor)
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Maintenance of Biotas: Native Biotas
- Species may have long histories of adaptation to abiotic condtions
- Species may have coevolved ecological roles
- BUT invaders may be free of effective enemies (predators, competitors, parasites)
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Invasive Species
Many successful invasive species act ecologically like "weeds" in disturbed habitats, or have ecologically like coupled to humans. (like house mouse and some rat species)
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Humans effects on invasives
- expand with roads
- landscape configuration
- land cover change
- climate
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