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Factors associated with Positive Reinforcement
- Shaping behavior
- Quality
- Immediacy
- Frequency
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What are the negative consequences of punishment (NAMPNE)?
- Negative emotional response
- Avoidance
- Modeling aggressive behavior
- Physical harm
- No Guidance (not understanding WHY they're being punished)
- Effects are often temporary and often limited to conditions where punishment occurred (If mom isn't around to punish me, I can do what I want)
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Factors which maximize the effectiveness of punishment (AIFMOSP)
- Active listening
- Immediacy
- Frequency
- Measurement
- Operationalization of behaviors
- Specifics (behavioral approach)
- Parallel with techniques to reinforce good behavior (punish bad behavior, reward the good)
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Operationalization of behaviors
This means showing and explaining exactly how the child is supposed to behave or exactly what they did wrong.
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2 most common types of behavior modification
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Types of parenting:
- permissive parenting
- authoritarian parenting
- authoritative parenting
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Permissive parenting
Children independent and make their own decisions (Chris and Dom)
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Authoritarian Parenting
Control and conformity are highly stressed
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Authoritative parenting
Control combined with consistent support to children
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Aspects that impact family systems and sibling sub-systems (ASEFF)
- Arrival of a new baby
- Sibling interactions
- Effects of birth order
- Family size
- Family spacing
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Types of child socialization (GPPTS)
- Gender role socialization
- Playing with peers
- Peer group & popularity – sociogram
- Television/ mass media
- School environment
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Aspects of school environment socialization (TCR)
- Impact of teacher on student (self-fulfilling prophecy)
- Classroom environment (bullying, favoritism, safety)
- Race and ethinicity
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Types of child maltreatment (PNSE)
- Physical abuse
- Neglect- physical/emotional
- Sexual abuse
- Emotional abuse
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Indicators of physical child abuse
- Excessive bruises, cuts, scars, or broken bones
- Signs of healed bone fractures or breaks
- Burns
- Difficulty explaining injury or inconsistencies in stories
- Children may be very physically agressive
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Signs/effects of emotional abuse/ neglect
- Lack of trust
- Relationship difficulties
- Feelings of worthlessness/ Depression
- Trouble regulating emotions/ mood swings
- Highly self-critical
- Developmental delays
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Indicators of physical neglect
- Underweight/lack of food
- Lack of or inappropriate clothes
- Poor hygiene
- Delinquency
- Frequently unsuperivsed
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Signs of child sexual abuse
- Injuries to the mouth, genital or anal areas (e.g. bruising, swelling, sores, infection)
- Difficulty walking or sitting
- Torn, stained or bloody underwear
- Sexually transmitted disease(s) or pregnancy
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Macro Systems response to child maltreatment
- Child Protective Services (CPS)
- Court System
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Aspects of court and child maltreatment cases
- Petition
- Adjudication
- Disposition
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Petition to the court for child maltreatment
- A written complaint submitted to the court that the alleged abuse or neglect has occurred
- Typically by a CSP case or social worker
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Adjudication of child maltreatment case
- A hearing where the alleged abuse or neglect is proven or discounted
- Court advocate may be appointed for the child
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Disposition of child maltreatment case
A hearing where the court decides what is to be done for the child.
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