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Nutritional Deficiences
Children in developed nations may consume enough calories but lack iron, zinc, and calcium.
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Kid facts
- At the age of 5, body mass is lower than at any other age in entire life span.
- Language is the leading cognitive accomplisment in early childhood.
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"Just Right" Phenomenon
- A complusive behavior about daily routines/ rituals.
- Have things done in a particular order.
- Peaked at age 3.
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Brain Development
- Brains grow rapidly even before birth.
- By age 2 the brain increase in size.
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Myelination
The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmiion of nerve impules from neuron to neuron.
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Corpus Callosum
A long band of nerve fibers that connect the left and right hemisphere ob brain.
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Lateralization
Left side controls right side of body. vice versa
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What does the Left side of brain control?
- Logical reasoning
- Detailed analysis
- Basics of language
- Little details
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What does the Right side of brain control?
- Emotion and creative impulse
- Big picture
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Children as Apprentices. What is apprentices?
- Cognitive development is embedded in social context.
- Curious and observant.
- Apprentices- A person whose intellectual growth is stimulated and directed by older more skilled members of society.
- And they...
- 1. present challenges
- 2. Offer assistance
- 3. Provide instruction
- 4. Encourage motivation
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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
The skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot master without help
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Scaffolding
Support tailored to a learners needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.
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Private Speech
Occurs when people talk to themselves
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Fast-mapping
Speedy and imprecise way in which chldren learn new words by mentally charting them into categories according to their meaning.
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Overregularization
- Application of rules of grammar even when expectations occur.
- Ex: foots.
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Theory- Theory
Idea that children construct theories to explain everything theysee and hear.
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Theory of Mind
Understaning of one's own or anothers human mental processes including emotions, beliefs, intentions, motives, and thoughts.
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What are some EDU Programs?
- Head Start
- Private Preschool
- Montesori
- Child- centered programs
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Emotional Regulation
- The ability to control whenand how emotions are expressed.
- This is the most important psychosocial development to occur betwen ages2-6 though it continues in life.
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Self-esteem
- How a personevaluates his/her own worth.
- Ex: intelligence, attractive
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Self- Concept
- A person's understandig of who he or she is.
- Identity or set beliefs about what he/she is like.
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Emotional Balance
Without adequate control, emotions overpower children.
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Externalizing Problems
Difficulty with emotional regulation; involves outward expressions of emotions in uncontrolled ways.
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Internalizing Problems
- Difficulty with emotional regulation; involves turnng one's emotional distress inward.
- Overcontrolled.
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Prosocial behavior
Helpful, positive
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Antisocial behavior
Deliberately hurtful to someone
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4 important dimensions for Parenting
- 1. Expressions of warmth
- 2. Strategies for discipline
- 3. Communication
- 4. Expectations for maturity
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Authoritarian Parenting
High expectation, low communication
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Permissive Parenting
- High nuturance and communication but rar punishment, guidance or control.
- No order/ structure
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Authoratative Parenting
Parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible
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Induction
Parents talk with the child, getting the child to understand why behavior was wrong.
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Sex Differences
Biological differences
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Gender Differences
Cultural differences in the role nd behaviors of male and females.
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Superego
Judgment part of personaliy that internalizes moral standards
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Identification
Attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behavior or attitudes
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Behaviorism
- Gendr distinctions are the product of ongoing reinforcement and punishment.
- 1. Focus n child's understanding
- 2. Children develop concepts about their experience.
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Androgyny
A balance of traditionally male and female psychological chracteristcs in a person.
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Epigenetic Theory
- Our traits and behaviors are the resultĀ of interactions between genes and early experiences.
- There are a dozen of biological differences between the male and female brain.
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What are the Pros and Cons of participating in sports as a kid?
Pro- better health, less obesity, appreciation of cooperation and fair play, improved problem solving, and respect for teammates nd others.
Cons- Injuries, pressure/stress, parents, time away from studies, low self-esteem
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Asthma
Airways are chronicaly inflamed
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Selective Attention
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
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Automatization
Process by which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions becomes routine.
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Aptitude
Potentional to master a particular skill or to learn a particular body of knowledge
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Intelligence quotent
Mental age/ chron age x 100
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Achievement test
Measures of mastery or proficency in reading, math, writing, science, or any other subject
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Wechsler Intellegence Scale for Children ( WISC)
An IQ tes designed for school-aged children
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Mental Retardatin
- Literally slow, or late thinking.
- Score below 70 on IQ test.
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Sternberg's 3 types of intelligences
- 1. Academic/ Analytic- measured by IQ/ achievement test. "book smart"
- 2. Creative- imaginative
- 3. Practical- street smart, common sense.
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Emotional Intelligence
Ability to regulate one's emotions and peceptive understanding of other peoples feelings
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Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- A condition in which one has difficulty concentrating and is alo inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.
- ex: neglect, alcoholic moms, family issues, food
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Learning disbilities
- Marked delay
- Dyslexi- Learning disability in reading
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Autism
A developmental disorder marked by an inability to relate to other peoplenormally, extreme self-absorption and an inability to acquire normal speech.
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Asperger Syndrome
Type of autistic disorder characterized by extreme attention to details and poor socal skills.
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Inclusion
Educational approach in which children with special needs recieve individual instruction within a regular classroom.
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Concrete Operational thought
Ability to reason logically about direct experieces and perceptions
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Classification
The process of organizing things into groups according to some common property
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Identity (Conversation)
The logicalĀ principle that certain characteristics of an object remain the same even if other charachteristics change.
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Reversibility
Logical principle that a transformation process can be reversed to restore the original condition.
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Vygtsky
Peers are very important in learning process
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Memory
The process by which info is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
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Sensory Memory
Stores incoming stimuli for a split second and either passes to working or discards it.
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Short term memory
- Current mental activity.
- "Working Memory"
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Long term memory
Limitless amount of info
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Metacognition
Ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine what to do and then how to monitor it
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Social Comparison
Tendency to assess one's abilites, achievements, social status, measuring to other peers.
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Culture of Children
Particular habits, styles, and values reflect set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distict from adults
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Social Efficacy
People believe they can make a difference/ affect their circumstances
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3 common values among 6-11 year olds
- 1. Protect friends
- 2. Don't tell adults what is happening
- 3. Dont be too different from peers
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Social Accetance
Aggresive-rejected, withdrawn- rejected
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Bullies and Victims
Isolated attacks, occasional insults, and unexpected social slights occur in childhood
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Bullying
Repeated systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical verbal or social attacks on weaker person
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Family Structure
Legal and genetic relationship amoung relatives in the same home
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Family Fuction
- 1. Provide basic necessites
- 2. Encourage learning
- 3. Develop self-respect
- 4. Nurture peer relationships
- 5. Offer harmony and stability
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Nuclear Family
Family consisting of father, mother, and any biological children
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Blended family
Family conssts of 2 adults and the chldren of the relationship of one or both parents and/or new partnersip
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Resilience
The capacity to adapt positively to significant adversity.
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Preservation
The tendency to preserve in; or stick to one thought or action for a long time.
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Hippocampus
Central processor of memory
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Hypothalamus
Produce hornomes that activate other parts of the brain and body.
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T/F statements
- More children die of violence, either accidental or deliberate than from any other cause.
- Young kids are more vulnerable to injuries/ abuse than older kids b/c they're impulsive, yet depend on others.
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Child abuse
Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.
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Child neglect
Failure to meet a child's basic physcial, educational, or emotional needs.
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What are some warning signs of Maltreatment?
- Delayed devotion
- Slow growth
- Immature communication
- Lack of curiosity
- Unusual social interaction
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Preoperational Intelligence
The ability to construct mental reps of experiences. Kids use symbols, language, and drawings to represent experiences.
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Symbolic Function
- The ability to represent mentally an object that's not present.
- ex- banana=phone
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Intuitive Thought
The ability to use primitive reason and seek answers to all sorts of questions
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Centration
Focuses/centers on 1 idea or single aspect of a situation or object, excluding all others
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Focus on Appearance
Ignores all else
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Animism
Belief that inanimate objects have "life like" qualities and are capable of action.
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Egocentrism
Tendency to think the world entirely from one's own personal perspective; can't distinguish from one's own perspective from someone else's perspective.
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Static Reasoning
Thinking that nothing changes
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Irreversibility
Inability to recognize something can sometimes be restored to its original condition
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Conversation
Amount of a substance remains same when appearance changes
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The School Years
- 7-11
- By 6-7, self care is routine and attendence at school is mandated.
- The rate of growth slows down, allowing them to undertake their basic self-care, muscles become stronger
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Overweight
- Being overweight is the most commone nutritional problem. ( being above 85th percentile)
- Excess weight hinders development in every domain.
- Genes affect activity level, food preference, body type, and metabolic rate.
- Obesity- being > 95th percentile.
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