Exam II Review #6

-- How animal behavior is controlled

-- How behavior develops, evolves and contributes to survival and reproduction

• - Causation
• - Development 
• - Function
• - Evolution

• Proximate : "How" 
• - Focuses on immediate stimulus and mechanism for behavior

- Includes : environmental stimuli, genetic, physiological and anatomical mechanisms

• Ultimate: "why" 
• -Focuses on evolutionary significance of a behavior.

- Why it contributes to survival and reproduction

• Fixed action pattern
• - Unlearned behavior
• - Effected by seasons and circadian rhythm

• Imprinting
• - Learning behaviors
• - An animal learns a specific set of stimuli during a limited time called a critical/sensitive period.

• Examples:
• - Quality of diet on mate choice
• - nature of social interactions
• - Opportunities for learning

- reception of and response to signals

Large amount of information without ambiguity. (requires visualization eg not dark)

Placing young from one species in the care of adults from another species help identify what the environment contributes to the young's behavior.

Yes, Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproduction.

-A compromise between nutrition and the cost of obtaining food.

- energy cost & benefit vs. risk of predation.

• - use of different strategies for sexual selection.
• - Within the male uta stansuriana there are the blue , yellow, and orange throated males. All three use different means to ensure reproduction.

Intersexual selection: members of one sex choose mates based on particular characteristics.

Intrasexual selection: Involves competition among members of one sex for mates.

• "Selflessness"
• - reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of others.

- Inclusive fitness increases the individual's genes and the genes of close relatives

- Kin selection is a natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives

• 1 Determination : fate of cells
• 2 Differentiation : different cell types arise
• 3 Morphogenesis: organize and distribute cells
• 4 Growth: increased body size

- The formation of fertilization envelope

• Polarity defined by yolk distribution
• -Vegetal pole has the most yolk
• - Animal pole has the least yolk

• - Somites form from mesoderm
• - Nervous system produced from ectoderm.