social psych chap 7. attitudes and change

evaluations of people, objects and ideas

_____ are linked to our genes. identical twins share more attitudes then fraternal twins

the thoughts and beliefs that people form about the attitude object

peoples emotional reactions toward the object

how people act toward the object

an attitude based primarily on peoples beliefs about the properties of an attitude object

an attitude based more on peoples feelings and values than on their beliefs

the phenomenon whereby a stimulus that elicits an emotional response is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus that does not, until the neutral stimulus takes on the emotional properties of the first stimulus

the phenomenon whereby behaviors we freely choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are followed by a reward or punishment

1-do not result from a rational examination of the issues
2-are not governed by logic
3-often linked to people values, so that trying to change them challenges those values

an attitude based on observations of how one behave towards an object

attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report

attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable and at times unconscious

____ attitudes are more rooted in peoples childhoods. whereas _____ attitudes are rooted more in their recent experiences

when attitudes change, they often do so in response to _____ influence

communication advocating a particular side of an issue

the study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages, focusing on the source of the communication, the nature of the communication, and the nature of the audience

in the yale attitude change approach, it is ____ when one factor should be ____ over another

a model explaning two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: centrally, when people are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to the arguments in the communication, and peripherally, when people do not pay attention to the arguments but are instead swayed by surface characteristics

the case in which people elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments, which occurs when people have both the ability and the motivation to listen carefully to a communication

here people are not swayed by logic of arguments, because they are not paying close attention to what the. people are noticing the surface characteristics of the message

if people are truly interested in a topic and thus are motivated to pay close attention to the argument and if people have the ability to pay attention, then they will use

one thing that determines whether people are motivated to pay attention is the _____ ______ to the topic

if a person is using central route, an argument is an argument, it wont matter who is talking

when something is relevant people will try to pay attention looking for ____, if it is not relevant people will look for ____ _____

a personality variable reflecting the extent to which people engage in and enjoy forgetful cognitive activities

attitudes that changed via the central route to persuasion ____ longer

people who base their attitudes on a careful analysis of the arguements will be more likely to ______ consistently with this attitude and more _____ to counterpersuasion

persuasive messages that attempts to change peoples attitudes by arousing their fears

fear arousing appeals can also ____ if they are so strong that they _____ people

an explanation of the two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change : either systematically processing the merits of the arguments or using mental shortcuts. eg: experts are always right

a _____ is a simple rule people use to decide what their attitude is without having to spend a lot of time analyzing every detail about the topic at hand

the problem with the "how do i feel about it?" heuristic is that we can make mistakes about what is ____ our mood, missattributing feelings created by one source to another

making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position

if people have not thought much about the issue- meaning if they formed their attitude via the peripheral route- they are particularly susceptible to an attack on that attitude with ____ appeals

one reason that product placements work is because people dont ____ that someone is trying to ___ our attitudes and behaviors. our ____are down

warning people about an upcoming change (in a commercial for instance) makes them less susceptible a ____ in _____

in adolescents, peers become an important source of ____ _____. peer pressure is linked more to a fear of _____

the idea that when people feel their freedom to perform a certain behavior is threatened, an unpleasant state of reactance is aroused, which they can reduce by performing the threatened behavior

the stronger the forbidden nature of a thing, the more _____ of _____

peoples ____ are poor predictors of their behaviors

the strength of the association between an attitude object and a persons evaluation of that object, measures by the speed with which people can report how they feel about the object.

when ____ is high, your attitudes comes to mind whenever you see or thinking about the attitude object

highly accessible behaviors are more likely to ____ spontaneous behaviors, because people are more likely to be thinking about their ____ when they are called on to act

the idea that peoples intentions are best predictors of their deliberate behaviors, which are determined by their attitudes toward specific behaviors, their subjective norms, and their perceived behavioral control

beliefs about how people care about how people will view a behavior in question

people intentions are influenced by the ease with which they believe they can perform the behavior

subliminal messages can be ____ as well

there is ___ evidence that the subliminal messages encountered in everyday life have any _____ on peoples behavior