-
Mercantilism
- called for the acquisition of gold and silver wealth through trade;
- trade should be supported through government regulation to
- achieve a favorable trade balance
-
natural laws
according to Hobbes and Locke, human nature is governed by this
-
natural rights
life, liberty and property are examples of rights
-
social contract
an agreement by which people give up their natural rights for an organized society
-
physiocrat
- used natural laws to define economic systems; believed that government
- should not interfere with trade (free trade) and that real wealth came from
- making the land more productive
-
laissez faire
a policy that allows businesses to operate without government interference
-
salon
a social gathering in which artists and thinkers exchange ideas
-
enlightened despot
- used Enlightenment ideas to bring about political and social change;
- Joseph II, Catherine the Great; Frederick the Great
-
constitutional government
powers are defined and limited by law
-
social contract; people are born naturally cruel, greedy and selfish;
Leviathan; absolute monarchy best controlled people
Thomas Hobbes
-
believed that people were born with natural rights and that they
formed governments to protect those rights. People had a right to
overthrow a government that fails to protect their natural rights.
This was radical- people used to believe that government existedto
serve the needs of the ruler, not "the people"
John Locke
-
Believed the separation of powers protected the liberties
of the people. "in order to have liberty, it is necessary that
the powers of the government be separated
Monesquieu
-
believed that freedom of speech and thought were
essential rights. "I do not agree with a word you say, but
I will defend to the death your right to say it"
Voltaire
-
editor of the controversial Encyclopedia
Denis Diderot
-
philosopher who believed people were basically good but
corrupted society and that in an ideal society, people
would put the collective good over their own interests;
The Social Contract
Jean- Jacques Rousseau
-
"there should be no government regulations on trade"
laissez faire; economist
Adam Smith
-
emperor of Austria; son of Maria Theresa;
wanted to improve the life of his people
Joseph II
-
Prussian king; "first servant of the state;" hired Voltaire to
open a science academy
Frederick II
-
exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot
Catherine the Great
-
Why did the Enlightenment use reason
to solve society's problems?
- Because of the success of the scientific revolution; the RCC didn't support this;
- not all monarchs were enlightened;
- the Industrial Revolution came later
-
What are Enlightenment ideas that are now identified as
American ideals?
- Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the idea that all
- people are created equal under the law, the right of everyone
- to own property, liberty and justice for all, the will of the majority
- as the basis for government.
-
First Estate
- the clergy; provided some social services;
- paid no direct taxes to the state
-
Second Estate
- the nobles; owned land but had little money income;
- freedom from paying taxes; rights included top jobs and hunting wild game
-
Third Estate
- 98% of the population; included rural peasants and urban workers
- as well as the bourgeoisie; burdened by taxes; supported France's
- economy
-
Bourgeoisie
wealthiest members of the Third Estate; (middle class of 3rd)
-
Estates General
- hadn't met for 175 years until summoned by Louis XVI;
- each Estate provided cahiers to the king' deadlocked over the
- issue of voting; Third Estate walked out and formed the National
- Assembly
-
Deficit Spending
spending more money than is taken in
-
Bastille
- the prison that was rumored to have weapons; its "storming"
- set the revolution into motion and pushed the National
- Assembly into action
-
National Assembly
- famous for their Tennis Court Oath; moderate phase of the French Revolution,
- issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the Constitution
- of 1791
-
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
stated that all men were born free and equal in rights
-
Constitution of 1791
- established a new Legislative Assembly with the power to make laws,
- collect taxes and decide on the issues of war and peace; limited monarchy
- instead of absolute monarchy
-
Waterloo
site of Napoleon's defeat
-
Suffrage
the right to vote
-
Emigre
a person who fled revolutionary France to line in another country
-
Sans-culottes
"without culottes", working class revolutionaries
-
Nationalism
a feeling of pride in and intense devotion to one's country
-
Reign of Terror
- when Robespierre tried to crush all opposition to the revolution;
- many were executed with the guillotine
-
Napoleonic Code
guaranteed the equality of all citizens before the law
-
Congress of Vienna
- it's chief goal was to create a lasting peace by establishing strong
- nations surrounding France and a balance of power and by protecting
- the system of monarchy
-
September massacres
- ordinary citizens who were fired to fury by real and imagined grievances;
- they attacked prison that held nobles and priests accused of political
- offences and killed them, along with ordinary criminals. Bloodthirsty mobs?
- Patriots?
-
Toussaint L'Ouverture
self educated, former slave who led the revolution in Haiti
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