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father of genetics?
gregor mendel
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what did mendel experiment on? under what conditions?
- common garden peas
- had to have a short life span, had to reproduce in large numbers
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how many characteristics did the pea have?
seven
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true of false, every pea in the pod is different
true
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7 traits of a pea?
- flower color
- flower position
- seed color
- seed shape
- pod shape
- pod color
- stem length
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progeny that result from a cross between two parental organisms are referred to as the?
F1 generation
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A cross between two members of the F1 generation results in ?
F2
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those characteristics that appear in the F1 and can be seen
dominant traits
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those that diappear in the F1 and cannot be seen
recessive traits
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genes present in an organism
genotype
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appearance of an organism with respect to the blood type
phenotype
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parents transmit information about inheritable traits via factors or
genes
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diploid organisms have ___ genes/traits each being carried on one member of a _____ ____ of chromosomes
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alternate forms of a gene?
alleles
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homologous chromosomes carry the same gene (allele) ____ recessive or dominant
homozygous
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homologous chromosomes each carry a different gene (allele)
heterozygous
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alleles are?
particulate entities
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I ____ individual receives one allele from one parent and one allele from the other parent
diploid
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No _____. when gametes are formed during meiosis each allele has an ___ chance of ending up in any of the four ____ ____
- mixing
- equal
- haploid nuclei
-
when present dominant alleles are?
always expressed
-
recessive alleles are only expressed when?
the individual is homozygous recessive
-
a cross between two individuals involving a single phenotypic trait controlled by a single gene
monohybrid cross
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what does the standard mendelian ratio say?
Aa x Aa will always result in a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 and genotypic ratio of 1:2:1
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standard mendalian ratio always?
works
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allows one to determine if an individual with a dominate trait is hetero or homozygous
test cross
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a cross involving two traits(phenotypica characteristics) controlled by two unliked genes
dihybrid cross
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what can predict the probability of two traits being inherited together?
dihybrid corss
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ratio for dihybrid cross that always works?
9:3:3:1
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probability of independent events occurring together is equal to the product of their individual probabilities
statistical law
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neither allele is dominate and both are expressed simultaneously
incomplete dominance
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melanin?
brownish pigment
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can you tell the genotype by the phenotype?
yes
-
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one gene with alleles controls the expression of a second gene with its own alleles
complementary genes
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human eye color is _____, but it is ____ controlled by a single gene with two alleles
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1 primary gene, with a ____ _____ that slightly alters the phenotype
modifier gene
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what do blue eyed people lack in the front layer of their iris?
melanin
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the black layer at the back of the iris viewed through the front layer
blue color
-
brown eyed people have?
branching
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melanin containing pigment cells in the front layer
branching
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several modifier genes interact to ?
produce in individual eye color
-
eye color is under the influence of approximately how many genes?
15
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genes may have more than ___ alleles
2
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any one ___ individual has only two alleles, but there may be more in the pool
2N
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four phenotypes of blood?
-
what is blood type based on?
genetically controlled red blood cells surface antigen
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rbc's bear antigen A?
type A
-
rbc's bear antigen B
type B
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rbc's bear antigen A and B
type AB
-
rbc's bear neither A or B
type O
-
-
type A and type B can either be?
homozygous dominant or heterozygous
-
human genetic information is packaged in ____ pair of autosomes (somatic) and one pair of ____ chromosomes
-
-
-
type O is?
homozygous recessive
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X chromosome is ____ than the y, it carries more info
larger
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where parents carry recessive allele, but do not show it?
autosomal recessive inheritance
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metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to metabolize lactose
galactosemia
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symptoms of galactosemia in infants?
- malnutrition
- diarrhea
- severe vomiting
- damage to eyes, liver, brain
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galactosemia is a ____ gene?
recessive
-
aa equals?
homozygous recessive
-
AA equals?
homozygous dominant
-
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lysosomal disorder?
tay sachs disease
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brain cell lipids?
gangliosides
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what can not be broken down in lysosomes that swell, burst, and the lysosomal enzymes released kill the cell
gangliosides
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children appear normal up to 8 months, then signs of mental deteriorations appear in what disease?
tay sachs disease
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tay sachs disease is ____ % lethal
100
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for what disease can a test be done to figure out if you're a carrier?
tay sachs disease
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type of dwarfism caused by an autosomal dominant allele?
achondroplasia
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what disease does not have homozygous dominant or (AA) people? what happens to them
- achondroplasia
- they are usually born a still born
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some genes carried on the X chromosome are expressed because the Y chromosome is so small
x linked recessive inheritance
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what occurs with x linked recessive inheritance in males?
alleles will be expressed whether they are recessive or not
-
hemophilia A is inherited in what type of manner?
x linked recessive inheritance
-
what is hemophilia A?
a bleeding disorder
-
abnormal movement of chromosomes?
nondisjunction
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what chromosome causes down syndrome?
trisomy 21
-
egg is fertilized outside fallopian tube and starts to develop in body cavity
ectopic pregnancy
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the dangers of delayed pregnancy correlates directly with ?
the age of the mother
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