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Deinoonychus
16 shared traits with birds
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Sinosauropteryx
downy feathers
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Epidexipteryx
display feathers (for ornamentation)
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Sinosauropteryx
preserved pigment in fossils
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Paleognathe (#orders/species)
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Galloanserae (#orders/species)
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Odontognathe (#orders/species)
2 extinct orders
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static pressure
pressure exerted uniformly in all directions
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dynamic pressure
kinetic energy due to motion of air molecules
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Bernoulli's Law
static+dynamic=constant
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Newton's 3rd Law
for every action, there is an equal and opposite rxn
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Wing loading
- mass/Area
- Low: more maneuverable, less power needed (i.e. hummingbird)
- High: larger birds (i.e. swan)
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Aspect ratio
- span/wing chord
- Low: wide, short wings for short, powerful flight (i.e. sparrow)
- High: long, narrow wings for gliding, soaring flight (i.e. albatross)
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Wing shapes: elliptical
- short, rounded
- low aspect, low loading
- -highly maneuverable
- Ex. songbirds
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Wing shapes: high-speed
- pointed
- high aspect, low loading
- - high speed in open: endurance
- Ex. falcons
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Wing shapes: soaring
- long, narrow
- high aspect, med loading
- -long efficient flight; long take-off
- Ex. albatross
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Wing shapes: high lift
- Very broad
- med. aspect, med. loading
- - static soaring: can carry heavy prey
- Ex. eagles, vultures
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Flapping
- thrust & lift on downstroke
- lift on upstroke
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Gliding
- use weight to overcome air resistance
- lose altitude
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Soaring
- maintain or increase altitude
- passive (thermals) or dynamic using wind gradient over ocean
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Hovering
generates lift on downstroke & upstroke (maintain position)
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Formation
use the upwind vortices generated by wing tips of bird in front
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Contour feathers
- basic vaned feathers of body and wings
- pennaceous distal and pumulaceous inner
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Remiges
- flight feathers of the wing
- pennaceous, asymmetrical vanes
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Retrices
- tail feathers
- pennaceous, asymmetrical vanes
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Semiplumes
- intermediate between down and contour feathers
- distinct rachis longer than any barbs
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Down (adult)
- extremely plumulaceous for insulation
- lack a central rachis or very short
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Natal down
- covers hatchling birds
- simpler in structure than adult down
- rarely has a central rachis
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Powder down
- special feathers with barbs that disintegrate into a fine powder
- grow continuously & never molted
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bristles
- contour feathers without vanes
- only whiskery central rachis
- sensory organs
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filoplumes
long, hairlike feathers that monitor position of pennaceous feathers
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Anisodactyl
first toe backwards, other 3 forwards
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Zygodactyl
two toes forward, two toes back
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Heterodactyl
1st and 2nd toes backwards, 3rd and 4th forwards
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Syndactyl
1st toe back, 2nd and 3rd toes partially fused, with 4th toe forward
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Pamprodactyl
all 4 toes forward, with 1st and 4th able to move back
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Palmate
front 3 toes webbed
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Totipalmate
all 4 toes fully webbed
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Semipalmate
Front 3 toes partially webbed
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Lobate
series of lobes on toes
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Raptorial
deeply cleft toes, sharp talons
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Pectoralis major
- largest muscle of body
- attaches to keel and humerus
- powers downstroke
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To which bones is pectoralis minor attached?
- Humerus
- Coracoid
- Scapula
- Sternum
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trioseal canal
attaches pectoralis minor to the humerus
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Pectoralis minor (supracoracoideus)
- powers upstroke
- connected to humerus by the trioseal canal
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Important muscles of the leg
- Caudofemoralis
- Flexor digitorum longus
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What gland is located at the base of the tail?
Uropygial gland
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3 major muscles of the tail
- Caudofemoralis
- Lateralis caudae
- Levator caudae
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List the coverts from top to bottom
- Marginal
- Lesser secondary
- Median secondary
- Greater secondary
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List the 6 proofs of Avian-Reptilian Origin
- 1. scales and feathers
- 2. skull: single occipital condyle
- 3. single middle ear bone
- 4. lower jaw bone: 5 fused bones
- 5. nucleated red blood cells
- 6. ovipary
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List the traits that identify class Aves
- Feathers
- Bills
- Bipedalism + digitigrade feet
- Fusion/reduction of hands, head, and pelvis
- Pneumatic bones
- Well-developed keel of breastbone
- Furcula
- Flight-specialized forelimbs
- Centralized body mass
- Endothermic
- Highly-developed brains/neural system
- Acute senses
- extensive parental care
- highly developed social behavior
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T/F: members of class Aves are ectotherms
False. Members of class Aves are endothermic.
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List evidence in favor of the thecodont hypothesis
Lack of clavicles (furcula) in dinosaurs
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List the key shared characteristics to support the Theropod hypothesis
- 1. elongated armss + forelimbs
- 2. 3-fingered, clawed, opposable grasping hands
- 3. Large eye sockets
- 4. Flexible wrist with semi-lunate carpal bone
- 5. hollow, thin-walled bones
- 6. 4 toes/foot, supported by 3 main toes
- 7. bipedal stance
- 8. reduced, posteriorly stiffened tail
- 9. furcula
- 10. similar eggshell microstructure
- 11. feathers
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List the two main theories for the origin of flight
- 1. Arboreal (thecodont theory)
- 2. Cursorial (theropod theory)
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profile drag
caused by friction, proportional to the size of surface
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induced drag
caused by vortices at wingtip
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alula
helps maintain laminar flow at low speed to decrease profile drag
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