Canine Feline; Final Review - Part I

How many stains of Brucellosis are there in a dog and in a cow?
Etiology of Brucellosis:
What is one animal that you never vaccinate for Brucellosis?

Brucella canis is a gram ________.
Antigenically reactive with ______.

Dogs in contact with livestock can develop rare infections caused by what 3 etiologies? Are cats affected?

Canine Brucellosis 
Epidemiology: __% of Dogs Nation & __% South US

What are 4 routes of transmission for Brucella canis?
How does infection occur?

The shedding of brucella may occur for periods up to ______ following abortion. Milk of infected bitches contains lower concentrations of the organisms and is less important in transmitting infection to _____ but not to ____. Most have already been infected via the ______. Only way to clear up is to __________. Usually in the ____ of the cow not the meat.

Pathogenesis: a _____ disease, with the greatest number of B. canis organisms being found in the _______________________.

Canine Brucellosis - Name 4 Location of the bacteria:

Bacteria of brucellosis in the Lymphatics includes what locations?

Brucella canis is an ______ pathogen that can persist for years within the ________ of the host.
Brucellosis is characterized by a bacteremia that begins ______ after infection and can last from ___________. 
Spontaneous recovery has been reported, but it depends on ____________.

Transmission of canine brucellosis:
Bitch:  
Dog: 
Oronasal transmission via ________ is most common by contact with ______ due to the concentration of the bacteria of millions in one mL

As with brucellosis in other species besides canines, infections with B. canis do not interfere with normal ______. Up to __% of bitches that abort may have normal litters subsequently. However, even after having normal litters, some infected bitches experience intermittent ___________.

List 3 treatments for Canine Brucellosis

When treating with tetracycline you always treat with what two antibiotics synergistically.

Canine Brucellosis - List 4 General Abnormal Signs of the Bitch

Canine Brucellosis - List 2 General Abnormal Signs of the Dog

Canine Brucellosis - if animal does recover (rare) it is immune to reinfection but are _______ to susceptible females for life.

What are 5 ways to diagnose Canine Brucellosis?

Clinical Signs of Canine Brucellosis - Most infected animals have no overt clinical signs. 
List 3 principal manifestations.
List 2 less common manifestations
List 2 rare manifestations

Primary Signs of Canine Brucellosis
Male: 
Bitch:

Female Reproductive Failures - Brucellosis causes abortion of dead, partially autolyzed fetuses at ______ of gestation without any other signs of illness; persistent discharge for _______ after abortion; and failure to conceive (because of _________).

What is Brucellosis in humans called?

Brucella in People - The incubation period for humans is difficult to determine but has been estimated at ________. Most infections typically become apparent within ____. Brucelloses is a multisystemic disease that can have a broad spectrum of symptoms. Asymptomatic infections are common

Brucella in People - In many patients, symptoms can persist for _______ and are followed by a spontaneous recovery. Other patients develop an intermittent fever with other persistent symptoms that typically disappear and reappear at ______ intervals (Undulant Fever)

Infection in Various Animal Types - Brucellosis is maintain in a limited number of reservoir hosts. Maintenance host include: 
__________ – cattle, bison, water buffalo, elk, camels and feral pigs
__________ – sheep and goats
__________ – sheep (antigenically similar to B. canis)
__________ – dogs
__________ – rodents
__________ – pig.

Brucella suis contains more diverse isolates than any other Brucella species. These include host specificity for ____________.

Bartonellosis is no long considered a self-limiting disease, and for some people chronic infection can be as debilitating and hard to diagnose as Lyme disease. (Note: etiology for Lyme disease is ________, but Borrelia is not Bartonella

Cat-scratch disease (etiology is __________) was recognized nearly 100 years ago.

List 4 etiologies of Cat-scratch disease

___________ is still considered the most common and identified as the primary universal etiological agent plus it the only etiology that is recognized as “Cat Scratch Disease” _______ is today recognized as the most common etiology in the US. ___ have been identified in the last 20 years.

How is Bartonellosis Transmitted? Primarily transmission is through ______. The infected _______ of cats are routes of transmission following a bite or scratch. Persistent intravascular infection in some human individuals can result in a cascade of medical conditions like ________.

Bartonellosis - About _______% of cats carry this disease at some point in their lives. ______ is when we see this disease most commonly

Geographic Distribution of Bartonellosis - In the US it is the most common in the Eastern states where it represents approx. __% of the isolates compared to the western states.

List 2 myths that recent scientific investigation has challenged

__% of healthy people can show a bacteremia to bartonellosis without showing any symptoms at all.

Is Bartonellosis zoonotic?

Up to __% of the vets and RVTs test by investigators were actually infected with one or more Bartonella species. Those tested that did not have extensive contact with the animals (people at the front desk for example) were __% infected.

Bartonellosis Symptoms - People usually experience symptoms ______ after exposure. In most people cat scratch disease cause a mild to severe self-limiting infection. A skin rash is seen in _____% of patents and consists of small pustules or ulcers at the site of the bite or scratch, ______. Lymph nodes can become enlarged and the skin lesions disappear. Enlarged lymph nodes typically last for a few wks to a few months, but some patients the lymph nodes can remain enlarge for up to __

Complications of cat scratch disease occur in _____% of human pts.
List 3 complications experienced by Immunosuppressed patients

List 6 symptoms of Bartonella henselae
This etiology has not been isolated in dogs, list 2 species that appear to be asymptomatic

Cats are thought to be the only reservoir hosts for ________. Most cats appear to be asymptomatic. When signs are present, they typically appear ______ after exposure.

List the 7 Feline Bartonella Genus & Species

All forms Bartonella species have been cultured from people, cats, and dogs although ____________ are considered by far the most common and found definitely more commonly in cats than people or dogs.

Culture: The primary means to diagnose Bartonellosis is via:

Most cases of cat scratch disease is self limiting and do not require treatment. If treatment is deemed necessary what are the 2 Primary drugs use to treat

What are the only products known to block the transmission of Bartonella from flea to flea.

List in order the 4 areas that Bartonella is cultured on the cat positive for Bartonellosis?

Other Bartonella Facts
The _____ were the 1st to name Bartonellosis “Cat Scratch Disease”.
Who was the 1st to call the pyrexia of Cat Scratch Disease “Cat Scratch Fever”
Bartonella moves in the blood via the ____. 
Bartonella can live in flea dirt for ______.

__% of all __________ fleas (the cat flea) carry Bartonella bacteria at all times.

Bartonella is associated with flea diseases that can be manifested as:

Heartworm Disease
Etiology: 
Intermediate Host (biological):  
Test have shown that most mosquitoes that successfully serve as the biological host are of the _____ gender. ____ die or are ineffective.

Heartworm Disease
Pathology: 
Incidence:

Heartworms
_______ has blunt head,
_______ tapered head

List 4 ways to diagnose a Dirofilaria Infection

List 5 Types of Blood Samples for Dirofilaria immitis and give % of effectiveness

Occult Test – most effective must have at least 3 females to detect antigen
a. antigen test of choice for 
b. antibody test of choice for

Occult Test - Antigen Test – the antigen is produced by the ______ only. The antigen is a ______ substance. It takes 3 or more adult females to produce enough of this substance to test positive for the occult using this antigen test.

Antibody Test – this test measures host antibodies that have developed to the adult antigens. Note: this test unfortunately is less specific in that the antibodies of the host can develop in response to ____________.

__% - (10-67%) of all dogs with adult heartworms are negative for microfilaria.
___% of all dogs have microfilaria with NO adults in the heart.
Adults live over _____before death. (__ today)
Microfilaria live _____ before death. (____ today)

List 3 products that will react with microfilariae and cause anaphylactic reactions that can result in vomiting to death.

Life Cycle of Dirofilaria

We tell owners that it takes 6 months for S1 to show up in the blood, implying a 6 month infection. Today it is called the _______ since we now know that S5 immature (2-5 cm in length) is in the Pa for 80 days before maturing to the adult S5 and thus starting its reproduction. So the cardiac vascular system is effected for approximately 3 months prior to our diagnosis and treatment.

Generally we say two to three weeks for the S1 to molt into S2 and then into S3. In reality it is all controlled by the temperature.
Celsius                        Days
30^o C(86F)                            
26^o C                                                 
22^o C 
18^o C                                                  
12^o C (53.6F)

10 dogs exposed to 100 S3 = __dogs infected
Worms mature in each dog? = __ S5 immature adult of those S5 immature develop to __ S5 mature adults __% of developed in mature adults
Average dog only has __ adults in its heart post mortem

10 cats exposed to 100 S3 = __ cats infected 
Worms mature in each cat? = __ S5 immature adult of those S5 immature develop to ___ mature adults
Average cat only has ______ in its heart pst mortem. Need 3 female adults that is why we use the antibody test

Dog – ______% of all immature S5 will develop to the mature S5 in pa.

If 80% of all immature S5 will develop to mature S5, and if the average mosquito will carry 8 S3 (can carry up to 13 without dying), then why is 14 the average number of adults in the post mortem dog?

List 3 of the most common mosquito species that are definitive host for Dirofilaria immitis.

______ is considered a ________ in that it feeds on both dogs and cats and is the most commonly found in door mosquito in the US

What are the 4 Classification of Heartworm Severity

What are 2 Kinds of Blood Work-up for Dirofilaria immitis?

Complete Blood Count for Heartworms
__________ are the most common abnormalities noted on CBC.
___________ almost always is seen with pulmonary thromboembolisms.
___________ is commonly seen with arterial and lung associated disease.
___________ usually is seen with caval syndromes and pulmonary disease.

Serum Biochemistries for Heartworms - Hepatic insufficiencies with elevated _______ hepatic enzyme levels up to 10 times normal 
_______ and increases in ___________ is noted due to microfilaria complications in the nephrons. Elevation here is a contraindication for treat.

List 6 Preventions of Dirofilaria immitis

Which Dirofilaria preventative is no longer available in this country, but can be found in Asia?

__% of heartworm market is for the canine an amount estimated at ____________.

Known as Filaribits from Pfizer this product killed S3 and thus require a daily dose especially during the warmer months of the yr. Today this product is rarely seen in the US but is used extensively in _______.
Dosage is _____. In TX this medication had to be given ____.

___________ following administration of diethylcarbamazine has been reported in dogs with large number of circulating microfilariae.
DEC has also been incriminated as a possible cause of _________________.

What is the “off label use” drug of choice in the treatment of positive heartworm dogs in the illumination of microfilaria?

Milbemycin oxime Interceptor by Novartus and Sentinel (added Luferon) like Heartgard, is administered ____ every 30 days since it kills the S3 and S4.  It is also very effective in the control of ______________. 

Selamectin Revolution by Pfizer another member of _________ like ivermectin was the first FDA approved topical medication that protects against heartworm disease and fleas, plus has a unique spectrum of other internal and external parasites 
Like Ivermectin and milbemycin oxime, selamectin is applied _______ once a month

Selamectin can be control _________. It can also control _____________.

Etiology of ear mites in dogs and cats?
Etiology of sarcoptic mange mite of dogs and cats

Moxidectin Proheart by Fort Dodge was the 1st to date to develop an _________ for the prevention of D. immitis

Bayer bought the rights to moxidectin and incorporated its flea preventative (Advantage) with it and renamed the combination Advantage Multi or ________ as it is known in Europe. Not approved by FDA but used constantly in Europe this product is very effective “off label” for the treatment of ________.

What are the 5 Treatments for Dirofilaria immitis - Microfilaria

_____________ is contraindicated due to its reaction with L1.Shock

What are the 4 Adults treatments for Dirofilaria immitis?

Immiticide like Caparsolate is an arsenic compound and thus need to check 

List 4 Other Drugs With Adult Heartworm Treatments?

Routine for Dirofilaria Treatment includes what 6 steps?

Why is there no documented correlation between the severity of the illness of heartworm disease and the number of adult Dirofilaria found in the heart on post
mortem?

List 4 Post Adult Heartworm Treatment Complications

Post Adult Heartworm Treatment - Critical time is ______. Post treat Most severe reactions occur in what 2 groups of animals?

Adult Infection Facts - Post Infection but Prior to Treatment
Blood pressure will increase in all dogs _____ after infection
Right side congestive heart failure can be seen at _______ post infection

Post Heartworm Treatment: _________ are more severe affected by infective stage HW and dead HW that have moved to the lungs for reabsorption
It will take _______ to kill adult HW after Immiticide administration.
It may take up to _____ for the worms to be totally removed from the lungs. The lungs are never the same.

_________ is uncommon except in highly endemic regions, like Houston.
Diagnosis generally employs the use of an _______.
Routine treatment with Immiticide will produce __________.
What is the only recommended acute treatment?

Most fungal infections results from the _______ of fungal spores (_______) or from wound contamination. The fungi, found as inhabitants of the animal’s environment, damage the host cells by releasing _______. They kill, digest, and invade surrounding cells. Some fungi produce toxins.

Mycotic diseases are found worldwide but in the United States are endemic along the

Are Fungal Diseases (Systemic) Diseases Infectious?
How are infections usually contracted?

All the fungi involved (except Cryptococcus) are ________ (having properties of both sexes)
A. being ___________ at ____ and
B. ______________ at __________

Who is Affected Most Commonly - All of these fungi (except Cryptococcus neoformans) cause death in what species. What species appears to be resistent? Why? Most veterinarians believe that systemic mycoses become established more easily in what animals?

Systemic Fungal Diseases
The lesions caused by these infections are characterized by ______________.
Most infections develop slowly and the course is almost always __________.
Produces a _____________.

Systemic fungal infections are _________.
List 4 Systemic Mycotic Diseases

North American Blastomycosis
Synonym:
2 Etiologies:

_________ is the most common systemic disease seen in all animals in SE TX although all systemic mycotic infections diagnosed at veterinary school in College Station

Blastomycosis - 
____ – dogs and __ – cats infected in 5 years 
______ infected more, _______ more likely to survive treatment.

Blastomycosis is a chronic ___________. Most common site of infection is the ____________. 
Dogs with blastomycosis usually have clinical signs that include ______________.
Signs of disease usually have been present for a few days to a week but may have been
apparent for up to a year

Blastomycosis
__% - lung lesions with dry, harsh lung sounds
__% - ocular lesions of anterior uveitis 
_____% - w/pustular skin lesions
__% - have bone involvement and lameness

Genetic analysis of isolates from soil and human patients has resulted in what 3 distinctive isolates of blastomycosis? _______ is the common type seen in SE Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and the Mississippi Valley

Modes of Infection for Mycotics - The spores enter the ________ and establish a primary infection in the ______. When the yeast grows at body temperature, it is too large to enter the terminal airway in an aerosol, therefore transmission by ______ is very likely. This is why systemic mycotics are not considered contagious.

Inoculation of Blastomyces into a wound from the soil appears to be uncommon in the dog, but in dogs with __________ without systemic disease provides the possibility of direct inoculation cannot be excluded. Because of the rarity of disease restricted to a focal skin area, cutaneous blastomycosis in the dog should be considered a manifestation of __________.

Histoplasmosis
Etiology: 
Note: Saprophytic like Blastomycosis, but found more often in

What are the 2 clinical signs (forms) of Histoplasmosis?

Histoplasma capsulatum is found in soil in ___ of the 48 states; however in Texas the endemic zone for histoplasmosis is from ________. Following inhalation, the Histoplasma spores convert to their active yeast phase at the body temperature and proliferate in the tissues. 

Histoplasma capsulatum is endemic throughout large areas of the temperate and sub tropical regions of the world. Although infection have been document from every continent except ____ they are most prevalent in the _______.

Histoplasmosis - 
Frequent site of infection is the _______
Dogs are affected at any age from ______
2 forms are _________________
___________ are more susceptible here and some feel just as likely to come into contact with Histoplasmosis as ____. Most authorities disagree. Age range is about the same for dogs.

Coccidioidomycosis
Synonyms: 
Etiology:
This is a soil bourne fungus like the others; however it is a ________ organism with no known sexual state

Coccidiomycosis Epidemiology: the mycelial phase has been found in nature only in a specific ecologic region, the lower ______ zone. This zone is within the _____________. This zone is sandy alkaline soil, high environmental temperatures, low annual rainfall, and low elevations. This perfectly describes the San Joaquin Valley of California hence the name.

Valley Fever - Clinical Signs: the most common site of infection are the ________. And like all systemic funguses, __________ prevails. If this disease disseminates to other areas of the body, ________ are the most common example generally occurring at _______ after a primary respiratory disease. _______ is the owners complaint.

What is the most commonly mentioned system mycotic infection in people?
What group of people is it routinely diagnosed?

Why is the soil is perfect in this area for San Joaquin Valley Fever?

What are 2 Classic Symptoms for all Systemic Mycotics?

Genetic analysis of isolates from soil and human patients has resulted in what 3 distinctive isolates of blastomycosis.
Isolate ___ is the common type seen in SE Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and the Mississippi Valley

Modes of Infection for Mycotics - The spores enter the _________ and establish a primary infection in the ______. When the yeast grows at body temperature, it is too large to enter the terminal airway in an aerosol, therefore transmission by ______ is very likely. This is why systemic mycotics are not considered contagious.

What is the scientific name for Histoplasmosis?
List the 2 most common etiological systemic fungus in southeastern Texas

Clinical signs and sites of infection for Blastomycosis and Histoplasmosis are similiar - List one difference

Valley Fever - Pathogenesis: not typically contagious, the major route of infection is by _________. It takes very few ________ to produce disease.

What are the 2 primary etiologies of Cryptococcosis (European Blastomycosis)?

What is the most common systemic blastomycosis that we see in cats and also is the only systemic fungal infection that is prevalent in cats.

Cryptococcosis (European Blastomycosis) is an infection common in what 10 animals?
How many subspecies types are recognized?

Cryptococcosis is found with _________ are often cited as a source of infection remaining viable for ______.

Pigeons are not infected naturally but their excreta acts as a good nutritional medium for the fungus ___________. The pigeon is the _______ – it doesn't get the disease, but it spreads it to the cat.

What are the Clinical Signs of Cryptococcosis?

What are 2 etiologies that do not respond to antibiotics? 

Cyptococcosis is most commonly seen in what dogs?

What are the 2 Major Sites Effected with Crytococcosis? 

What are 3 ways to Diagnose a Fungal Infection?

What are 6 Treatments for Fungal Infections?  

List 2 Fungus-Like Bacteria

Nocardiosis
List 2 Etiologies: 
How do you Diagnose? 
Is it Zoonotic?

What are the Clinical signs of Nocardiosis?

What are the 3 Forms of Nocardiosis?

Actinomycosis is also known as “__________” 
What is the Etiology?
What are 3 clinical signs?
How do you diagnose?

List the eight types of recognized canine erythrocyte antigens (DEA) including the old naming

Blood Groups in Dogs
Highest Incidence = 
Lowest Incidence = 
Most Reactive = 

Random transfusions should be avoided: WHY?

Normal RBC lifespan for
dogs 
cats

West Nile Virus is a potentially serious illness that causes _________ as its primary location of infection. ________ spread the virus by feeding on ___________. West Nile Virus was first discovered in the United States in ____ and has been found/identified in Texas since ____.

At least ___ species of mosquitos in North America are susceptible to the WNV infection, but _______ species, the most common mosquitos seen in households in US appears to be the most common vector in the US. Infections have been documented in ______, but their role in transmission is still not known.

What is the primary reservoir host for West Niles Virus? 

What are 2 reasons why the WNV is more common in human transmission than dogs and cats?

_________ can cause the virus to spread north to Dallas, Denton etc.
Eastern and Western encephalitis nickname is _________.
Nickname for EIA is ___________-. 

What are the symptoms of WNV in dogs?
West Nile Virus has been recovered from the _________ of a cat with ______, 2 other fatally ill cats and ___________.
The incubation period in species other than equine is unknown. Incubation period in equine is about _______.

List 10 birds in North America that are commonly affected by the WNV

Most people infected with West Nile Virus are asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur they typically have mild fever, headache, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting with occasionally a mild skin rash appearing _____ after the person was bitten. Symptoms can last for a few days to several weeks.
_____ can occur if the symptoms become more pronounced and persistent with persons becoming disoriented, coma, convulsions, vision and paralysis. A lot of this has to do with the immunosuppression in humans.

What are the 3 types of blood groups for cats?
Which type is considered the universal recipient?
Which type may have a fatal transfusion reaction after only 1 mL of incompatible blood?

Domestic shorthairs (most common in the United States) are almost always what blood type?
1 to 4% maybe what blood type?  

Between 2000-2004 in London, UK, 156 cats were included in a study. ____% were pedigree, ___% non-pedigree.
Pedigree – Type A = ___%, Type B = ___%, and Type AB = ___%.
Non-pedigree – Type A = ___%, Type B = ___%, and Type AB = ___%.