chapter 4 biology

cells are the fundamental units of life, all organisms are composed of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells of life

cells are small bc they need a high

determines the amount of activity in the cell

determines the amount of substances that can pass through the boundry

minimum resolution of human eye is 200 mm

uses glass lenses and light

electromagnets focus an electron beam

all cells are surrounded by a phospholipid membrane/bilayer

allows cells to maintain constant internal environment, a selectively permeable barrier, important in communication adn receiving signals, often has proteins for binding with adjacent cells

bacteria and archaea (first cells) are

dna is in a membrane-enclosed compartment called the nucleus

very successful, they can live on a diversity of energy sourcces and inhabit every environment including extreme environments

enclosed by a plasma membrane, dna is contained in the nucleoid, cytoplasm consists of cytosol (water and dissolved material) and suspended particles , ribosomes-site of prtein syntheses

rigid cell wall outside the plasma membrane

10 times larger cells

power house, energy, seperate membrane

structural foundation (networks of proteins) "beams supporting a building", involved in cell and organelle movement

holds ribosomes, most of lipids in proteins are made here, site of much protein synthesis

separates the cell from its environment and regulates traffic of materials into and out of the cell, (imigration patrol), bilayer boundry

they "bud off" from the ER, polysaccharides for plants synthesized, new synthesized proteins are delivered where function is needed, (fed ex), dispursed proteins, processes and packages proteins, in both animal and plant cells

no syntheses, no ribosomes, drugs are metabolized, lipids are made here, chemically modified drugs and pesticides, hydolysis of glycogen in animal cells

begins assembly of rbosomes (dark spot in plant cells)

cellular digestive systems in which large molecules are hydrolyzed into usuable monomers,

perform photosynthesis

membranous compartments, has specific roles in particular cell

assembly devices, protein synthesis, inside rer

homeostasis, selectively permeable barrier, substances to enter and leave the cell, boundary w the outside environment, communicating w adjacent cells and receiving signals , binding and adhering to adjacent cells

consists of mostly water, dissolved material, material in cell outside cell wall,

everything inside cell, fluid

only 3 organelles w double bilayer membranes

dna combines w proteins

chromatin aggregates to form discrete

includes endoplasmic reticulum and gogle apparatus

huge surface area, network of interconnected membrane

cis region trans region medial region

vesicle that buds off from golgi, digestive dept/recycle dept, degestive enzymes, macroloecues, hydrolyzed into their monomers

hydrolyze the food particles during digestion

most unique,produced in plants and certain protists

sites of photosynthesis, light energy is converted, chemical energy of bonds

two membranes (inner (matrix of its own dna), and outerresistance to movement inside and out)

serperate structures stacked onto each other forming grana, circular compartments, where photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts

chloroplasts and mitochondria has its own dna outside of nucleus

fluid in which suspends grana, contains ribosomes and dna

red, orange, and yellow pigments, give color to plant organs such as flowers

chloroplasts, leucoplasts and chromoplats are

storage of starches and fats

specialized enzymes, collect teh toxic peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, metabolizes toxins .. if not the cell will die

lipids are converted in to carbs for transports to grwoing cells in plant cells only

in plant cell, hollow region, water filled, provides pressure to keep cell intact, where plants store waste products and toxins, provides structural support, filled w fluid, stores pink/blue pigments

supports and maintains its shape, various types movements, position organelles, fibers supports motor proteins, interacts w extracellular structure, anchor the cell in place

3 types of cytoskeleton structures

assembled by actins, provide their own structure

made of fibers/proteins interwine w each other

tubular structures, tracks inside cell ( molecules follow to be delievered to the right place) slides through these tracks

cellulose fibers, embedded in other complex polysaccharides

adjacent plant cells is connected, plasma memebrane-lined channels

outside the cell, protecting cell

animal cells are surrounded or in contact w/... provides communication, movement of cell, chemical signaling

fibrous proteins

1.5 billion yrs ago, chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotes are about the size of prokaryotic cells endo=inside symbiosis=linked together

eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes