psych test #3 chapters 9 & 10

• Stanford-Binet
• Catell’s Culture Free
• WAIS & WISC
• Ravens
• Progressive Matrices Test

the correlation of individual’s scores on repeated (or sub-parts of ) intelligence tests.

• Test-Retest Reliability
• Split-Half Reliability

correlation between test scores and some independent criteria of intelligence

The test does not make equally accurate predictions for all subgroups. It under (or over) estimates the performance of a one or more groups relative to other measures of intelligence such as grades in school.

• eg Right handed people with a score of 100 do better in school
• than Left handed people with a score of 100. Thus the test is
• biased against Right handed people.

• Charles Spearman
• g factor: general reasoning ability
• s factor: specific ability
• 2-factor theory

• Raymond Cattell
• Fluid intelligence: solving unfamiliar problems
• crystalized intelligence: highly practiced skills
• 2-factor theory

• Howard Gardner 
• 7 factor theory

• Robert Sternberg  
• Analytical: processing & manipulating information
• Creative: new approaches to problems
• Practical: application to real world situations 
• 3-factor theory

• 14 people said it is 70-80% nurture
• 8 people said it is 60% nurture 
• 11 people said it is 40% nurture
• 3 people said 30% nurture

*It is really around 70-80% nature (genetics)

• England (late 1800’s)
•  Spencer’s Evolutionary Theory of Intelligence
•  Galton's measurement of individual differences with acuity tests

• France (early 1900’s)
•  Binet-Simon

• USA (early 1900 to present)
•  Spearman, Catell, Terman, Stern, Wechler, Hernstein, Sternberg

• Measurement of individual differences & Intelligence
•  
• 1869 "Hereditary Genius" survey of individuals from prominent families. 

• First twin studies: concluded that
• intelligence is largely inherited

Eugenics: improvement of organisms by selective breeding.

• Cautioned about the use of intelligence tests as a single indicator
• Stressed the role of health and motivation of the kids taking the test.
• They viewed intelligence as multifaceted.

• Stressed the inheritance view of intelligence.
• 1912 testing for 'feeble mindedness' in immigrants at Ellis Island.

1920s appointed as Expert Eugenical Agent by the House Committee on Immigration & Naturalization

• Immigrants from southern & eastern Europe would lower
• the national intelligence.

• together: 0.85
• apart: .78

• sibling: 0.47
• Dizygotic reared apart: 0.6

• Their position:
• - Validity of interpretation of 'twin studies'
• - Economics and educational opportunity 
• - Potential cultural bias in intelligence tests 
• - Genetic does not mean unchangeable

Girls ran around the stage with hats

• Damasio (2003): It is the process where by the mind is imbued with a reference we call self and is said to know of its own existence and the existence of object around it. 
• Kalat (2013): It is the subjective experience of perceiving oneself and other entities

• test to show if subject recognizes itself
• Gordan Gale
• video shown of chimp with paint on head recognizing itself

The function of sleep is to allow you to recover from work – stresses of the day.

Irritability, poor decision making, decreased attention, etc

20-25 hours of sleep deprivation is comparable to 0.10% BAC

• 2 hrs: 5 people
• 6 hrs: ~50 people
• 8 hrs: 34 people
• 10 hrs: 14
• 12 hrs: 1
• 16 hrs: 1

• Dement: can handle sleep deprivation
• Luce: severe impairment, cannot handle it

• Sleep functions to conserve energy during periods where the organism would be inefficient
• Organisms sleep time some-what depends on how susceptible they are to being attacked in their sleep

Both, they are complimentary

• EEG: electroencephalogram- on scalp of brain measures brain activity
• EMG: electromyogram- muscle
• EOG: electrooculogram- eyes during sleep

• 90 min intervals between REM period
• eyes move rapidly during REM 
• last REM period is the longest
• REM is correlated with Dreaming

• EEG & EOG high activity - awake like
• EMG little activity - sleep like pattern

• Being chased
• Super villain
• Failing out
• Mafia ran away with dad
• sex

• Psychoanalytic
• Activation Synthesis
• Neurocognitive

Everything relates to inner desire to have sex

• For boy: want to kill dad and have sex with mom
• For girl: want to kill mom and have sex with dad

• conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious
• Id: Wants to have sex
• Ego: Says not the right time
• Superego: remember mom telling you sex is bad

• Manifest Content: clear, directly what you want (sex)
• Latent Content: Subliminal meaning, i.e. chased by person in dream, it is your dad because you had sex with your mom

• Hobson & McCarley (1977): physiology of dreaming 
• Pons spontaneous activity during REM sleep (REM) 
• Activation of sensory systems in the Thalamus and of Occipital lobe
• Falling & flying due to misinterpretation of input from the vestibular system
• Paralyzed – unable to run away due to REM induced muscle paralysis

• Cartwright: dreaming as problem solving of events and problems that have occurred during the day 
• Dreaming is thinking that occurs under special
• conditions of:
• - Persistent cortical activity
• - Greatly reduced external sensory input
• - Loss of voluntary control of thinking
• Most dreams are about commonplace concerns, anxieties, and desires arising from everyday situations

Neurocognitive

people act out their dreams

• Sudden attacks of extreme and ofter irresistible sleepiness during the day
• i.e. video with dog

• A condition of increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist – subject relationship
• things remembered in Hypnosis can be "false" memories
• sometimes used in dental and surgical procedures to not feel pain