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Types of Intelligence tests
- Stanford-Binet
- Catell’s Culture Free
- WAIS & WISC
- Ravens
- Progressive Matrices Test
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Reliability
the correlation of individual’s scores on repeated (or sub-parts of ) intelligence tests.
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Types of Reliability
- Test-Retest Reliability
- Split-Half Reliability
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Validity
correlation between test scores and some independent criteria of intelligence
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Test Bias
The test does not make equally accurate predictions for all subgroups. It under (or over) estimates the performance of a one or more groups relative to other measures of intelligence such as grades in school.
- eg Right handed people with a score of 100 do better in school
- than Left handed people with a score of 100. Thus the test is
- biased against Right handed people.
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psychometric approach
- Charles Spearman
- g factor: general reasoning ability
- s factor: specific ability
- 2-factor theory
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Fluid and crystalized intelligence
- Raymond Cattell
- Fluid intelligence: solving unfamiliar problems
- crystalized intelligence: highly practiced skills
- 2-factor theory
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Multiple intelligences
- Howard Gardner
- 7 factor theory
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triarchic theory
- Robert Sternberg
- Analytical: processing & manipulating information
- Creative: new approaches to problems
- Practical: application to real world situations
- 3-factor theory
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Nature vs. Nurture
- 14 people said it is 70-80% nurture
- 8 people said it is 60% nurture
- 11 people said it is 40% nurture
- 3 people said 30% nurture
*It is really around 70-80% nature (genetics)
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Intelligence Testing History
- England (late 1800’s)
- Spencer’s Evolutionary Theory of Intelligence
- Galton's measurement of individual differences with acuity tests
- France (early 1900’s)
- Binet-Simon
- USA (early 1900 to present)
- Spearman, Catell, Terman, Stern, Wechler, Hernstein, Sternberg
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Francis Galton (1822-1911)
- Measurement of individual differences & Intelligence
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- 1869 "Hereditary Genius" survey of individuals from prominent families.
- First twin studies: concluded that
- intelligence is largely inherited
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Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Eugenics: improvement of organisms by selective breeding.
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Alfred Binet (1857-1911) &
Theodore Simon (1873-1961)
- Cautioned about the use of intelligence tests as a single indicator
- Stressed the role of health and motivation of the kids taking the test.
- They viewed intelligence as multifaceted.
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Henry Herbert Goddard (1866-1957)
- Stressed the inheritance view of intelligence.
- 1912 testing for 'feeble mindedness' in immigrants at Ellis Island.
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Carl C. Brigham
1920s appointed as Expert Eugenical Agent by the House Committee on Immigration & Naturalization
- Immigrants from southern & eastern Europe would lower
- the national intelligence.
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Correlation of monozygotic twins reared together and separate
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Sibling vs. Dizygotic Correlation
- sibling: 0.47
- Dizygotic reared apart: 0.6
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L. Kamin 1974 and S. Gould 1981
- Their position:
- - Validity of interpretation of 'twin studies'
- - Economics and educational opportunity
- - Potential cultural bias in intelligence tests
- - Genetic does not mean unchangeable
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What happened during Quiz #4?
Girls ran around the stage with hats
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Definitions of Consciousness
- Damasio (2003): It is the process where by the mind is imbued with a reference we call self and is said to know of its own existence and the existence of object around it.
- Kalat (2013): It is the subjective experience of perceiving oneself and other entities
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Mark test
- test to show if subject recognizes itself
- Gordan Gale
- video shown of chimp with paint on head recognizing itself
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Repair – Restoration Theory
The function of sleep is to allow you to recover from work – stresses of the day.
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What can sleep deprivation can produce
Irritability, poor decision making, decreased attention, etc
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Sleep comparison compared to Drunk Driving
20-25 hours of sleep deprivation is comparable to 0.10% BAC
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Class sleep hours numbers
- 2 hrs: 5 people
- 6 hrs: ~50 people
- 8 hrs: 34 people
- 10 hrs: 14
- 12 hrs: 1
- 16 hrs: 1
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Two extreme case studies of Sleep Deprivation
- Dement: can handle sleep deprivation
- Luce: severe impairment, cannot handle it
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Evolutionary - Energy Conservation View
- Sleep functions to conserve energy during periods where the organism would be inefficient
- Organisms sleep time some-what depends on how susceptible they are to being attacked in their sleep
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Which theory is right? Repair or Evolutionary?
Both, they are complimentary
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The Measurement of Sleep & Sleep Physiology
- EEG: electroencephalogram- on scalp of brain measures brain activity
- EMG: electromyogram- muscle
- EOG: electrooculogram- eyes during sleep
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REM
- 90 min intervals between REM period
- eyes move rapidly during REM
- last REM period is the longest
- REM is correlated with Dreaming
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REM vs Awake
- EEG & EOG high activity - awake like
- EMG little activity - sleep like pattern
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What did people dream about?
- Being chased
- Super villain
- Failing out
- Mafia ran away with dad
- sex
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Theories on Dreams
- Psychoanalytic
- Activation Synthesis
- Neurocognitive
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Psychoanalytic (Freud Theory)
Everything relates to inner desire to have sex
- For boy: want to kill dad and have sex with mom
- For girl: want to kill mom and have sex with dad
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Id, Ego and Superego
- conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious
- Id: Wants to have sex
- Ego: Says not the right time
- Superego: remember mom telling you sex is bad
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Manifest Content & Latent Content
- Manifest Content: clear, directly what you want (sex)
- Latent Content: Subliminal meaning, i.e. chased by person in dream, it is your dad because you had sex with your mom
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Activation Synthesis
- Hobson & McCarley (1977): physiology of dreaming
- Pons spontaneous activity during REM sleep (REM)
- Activation of sensory systems in the Thalamus and of Occipital lobe
- Falling & flying due to misinterpretation of input from the vestibular system
- Paralyzed – unable to run away due to REM induced muscle paralysis
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Neurocognitive Theory
- Cartwright: dreaming as problem solving of events and problems that have occurred during the day
- Dreaming is thinking that occurs under special
- conditions of:
- - Persistent cortical activity
- - Greatly reduced external sensory input
- - Loss of voluntary control of thinking
- Most dreams are about commonplace concerns, anxieties, and desires arising from everyday situations
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Which Theory on dreaming is most accepted?
Neurocognitive
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REM sleep disorder
people act out their dreams
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Narcolepsy
- Sudden attacks of extreme and ofter irresistible sleepiness during the day
- i.e. video with dog
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Hypnosis
- A condition of increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist – subject relationship
- things remembered in Hypnosis can be "false" memories
- sometimes used in dental and surgical procedures to not feel pain
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