Medical terms Chapter 10,11,12,13

The muscular cone-shaped organ the siza of a fist, located behind the sternum and between the lungs. The pumping action of the heart sends blood circulating through the body. The heart has two upper layers, the right ang left atrium; and two lower chambers, the right and left ventricles. The atria receive blood from veins and the ventricle pump blood through arteries. The atrial septum seperates the atria and the ventricular septum seperates the ventricles. the tricuspiod and mitral valves are referred to as the atrioventricular (AV) valves. Valves keep blood flowing in the right directions.

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the polmunary artert and between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Two-layer sac consisting of an extrenal fibrous and internal serous layer. The serous laer secretes a fluid that fcilitates movement of the heart. This layer also covers the heart and is called the epicardium.

• Epicardium-Covers the heart
• Myocardiun-The mddle thick muscualr layer
• Endocardium-Inner linning of the heart

tube like structures that carry blood throughout the body.

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. All arteries, with the exception of the polmunary artery, carry oxygen and other nutrients from the ehart to the body cells. (Profusion) The polumnary artery, in contrast, carries carbon dioxide and other wastye products from the heart to the lungs.

The smallest arteries

The largest artery in the body, originating at the left ventricle and descending through the thorax and abdomen.

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. All veins, with exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Smallest Veins

Largest veins in the body. The inferior vena cava carroes blood to the heart from th body part below the diaphragm, and the superioir vena cava returns blood to the heart from the upper part of the body.

Microscopic blood veseesl that conect arterioles with venules,. Matreials are passed between the blood and tissue through the capillary walls.

Composed of plasman and formed elements, such as erythrocytes, leukocyets, and thrombocytes (platelets)

Clear, straw colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma is approximately 90% water and comprises approximately 55% of the total blood volume.

Clear, watery fluid portion of the bloos tat remains after a clot has formed.

Transparent, colorless, tissue fluid that, on entering the lymphatic system is called lymph. Lymph contains lymphosytes and monocytes and flows in a one way direction to the heart. Lymph is similar to blood plasma.

Similar to veins, lymphatic vessels transport lymph from body tissue to the chest, where it enters the cariovascular system. The vessels begin as capilalries spread throughout the body then merge into the larger tubes that eventually become ducts in the chest. They provide a one-way flow for lymph gathered from the tissues t oducts in the chest, where lymph enters through veins into the circulatory system.

Small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. They may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. The nodes filter lymph to keep substances such as bateria and other forgein agents from entering the blood. The also produce lymphocytes.

Located in the left side of the abdominal caity between the stomach and the diaphragm. In adulthood, the spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body. Blood, rather than lymph flows through the spleen. blood is cleansed of microorganisms in the spleen. The spleen stores blood and destroys worn out red blood cells.

One of the primary lymphatic orgnas, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. It plays an important role in the development of the body's immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty. Around puberty the thymus gland atrophies so that most of the gland is connective tissue.

Vessel (usually refers to blood vessels)

Aorta

Artery

Atrium

Heart

Lymph node

lymph, pymph tissue

bone marrow (also means spinalcord Ch. 15)

Vein

plasma

Spleen (only one E in the word root)

Thymus gland

Valve

Ventricle

yellowish, fatty plaque

Sound

electricity, electrical activity

deficiency, blockage (ischemia- blockage in blood, restricted blod flow)

heat

clot (Thrombosis)

Slow

pertaining to

removal

instrument used to record.

pain (anodynia, absence of pain)

abnormal reducton in number

formation

hardening (atherosclerosis, hardening of yellow fatty plaque in the veins)

tumor composed of blood vessels , angi-oma

Narrowing of the blood vessel

narrowing of the aorta

Hardening of the arteries

Hardening of the fatty plaque

Condition of a slow hear. Rate of less than 60 beats per minute.

Pain in the heary

Enlargement of the heart

Disease of the heart muscle

Inflammation of the valves of the heart, also valvulitis

Inflammation of the inner linings of the heart (particularly of the heart valve linings)

deficiency of blood flow

inflammation of the muscle of the heart

Inflammation of the sac surrounging the heart

Inflammation of a vein

Inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries

Abnormal state of rapid heart (rate of more than 100 beats or more) Contrast with bradycardia. BRADY v. TACHY

Inflammation of a vein associated with a clot.

A tumor composed of blood (collection of blood resulting from a broken blood vessel)

tumors of bone marrow (Myel-bone marrow, or also spinal cord.)

abnormal reduction of all (blood) cells (Pan-all, cyto-cells, penia-abnormal reduction)

abnormal condition of a bllod clot

blooted clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

Inflammation of the lymph nodes

Disease of the lymph nodes (characterized by abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes associated with an infection or malignancy)

Tumor of lymphatic tissue

enlargement of the spleen

Tumor of the thymus gland

ACS sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarcation (Angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when an area of your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood.)

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

chect pain, which mat radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart.

Any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern

AFib - A cardiac arrythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria. The atria quiver instead of contracting, causing inrregular ventricular response and the ejection of a reduced amount of blood. The blood that remains in the atria becomes static, increasing the risk of clot formation, which may lead to a stroke. Two types of AFib are paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, which is intermittent, and chronic atrial fibrillation, which is sustained)

sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation on the pericardial cavity

congenital cardiac condition characterized by narrowing of the aorta

Heart abnormality persent at birth

CHF innability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen.

CAD A condition that reduces the flow of blood through coronary arteries to the myocardium, denying the myocardial tissues of sufficient oxygen and nutrienst to function fully, most often caused by coronary atheroscelrosis (also called heart failure [HF])

Obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually from atherosclerosis. Coronaty occulsion can lead to acute myocardial infarction

condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body. Most often occurs in the lower expremities. A clot can break off and travel to the lungs causing a pulmonary embolism.

HHD. Disoreder of the heart brought about by persistent high blood pressure

pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking, a condition seen in occulsive artery disease

a narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of theumatic fever

death, necrosis of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (also called a heart attack)

disease of the arteries, other than those of the heart and brain that affects blood circulation, such as atherosclerosis and Raynaud disease. The most common symptom of peripheral atherosclerosis is intermittent claudication (pain and discomfort in the calves)

Damage to the hear muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever

distended or tortuous veins usuaslly found in lower extremeties.

reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in the red bloodcells. Anemia may be

blood clot or forgein material, such as air of fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation

inherited bleeding disease most commonly cause by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII

malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal white blood cells formed in the bone marrow.

Mailgnant disoreder og the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning in the cervical nodes

• malignant disoreder caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by
• swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever. The disease
• affects mostly young people and is usually transmitted

surgical repair of blood vessels

excision off fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and rotary cutter

excision within the artery (excission of plaque from the arterial wall) this procedure is usually namef for th artery to be cleaned out, such as a carotis endartectomy, which means removal of plaque from the wall of the carotid artery.

suregical puncture to aspirate fluid frim the outer layer (pericardial sac) (used to treat cardiac tamponade)

excision of a vein

incision into a vein (to remove blood or to give blood o intravenous fluids). Also called venipuncture

surgical repair of a valve

excision of the spleen

fixation of the spleen

excision of the thymus gland

surgical removal of an aneurysm (ballooning of a weaker portion of an arterial wall

a procedure in which normal cells that trigger atrial fibrillation are destroyed by using radiofrequency energy

battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart

surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around block arteries

a supportive scaffolding device implanted in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy

surgical removal of an embolus or clot

a syringe is used to aspirate a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow, ususally from the ilium, for study; used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease and condition of the blood cells.

a needle puncture to obtain a sample of bone marrow, usually from the ilium, for study; used to diagnose, stage, and monitor condition of disease and condition of blood cells.

infusion of normal bone marrow cells from a donr with matching cells and tissue to a recipient with a certain type of leukemia or anemia

radiographic imaging of blood vessels ( the procedure is named for the vessel being imaged)

instrument used for visual examination of the blood vessel.

visual examination of the blood vessel

radiographic image of the aorta

radiographic image of the artery

radiographic image of the vein

radiographic imaging of the veins

record of the heart using sound

record of the electrical activity of the heart

a process of digital radiographic imaginig of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures not being studied

a study that uses sound for the detection of blood flow within the vessels: used to assess intermittent claudication (pain in calf), deep vein thrombosis (clots in the deep veins) and other blood flow abnormailities

a study that evaluates cardiac function furing physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill. EKG, ECHO and nuclear medicine scanning are three types of tests performed while exercising. ECHO is fast becoming the preferred choise of testing over EFG

a nuclear medicin scan that visualizes the heart from several different angels. A tracer substance such as sestamibi or thallium is injected intravenously. The SPECT scanner creates images from the tracer absorbed by the body tissues. It is used to assess damage to cardiac tissue

a nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess trevascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery.

TEE - an ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe plaec in the esophagus, which provides veiws of the heart structures

an examination to deteremin the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. A catheter is passed into the heart through a blood vessel and is used to record pressure and inject contrast medium, enabling the visualization of the coronary arteries, great vessels, and the heart chambers; used most frequently to evaluate cheast pain and coronary artery disease.

measures venous flow of the extremeits with a plethysmograph to detect colts by measuring changes in blood volume and resistance (impedance) in the vein; used to detect deep vein thrombosis

hearing sounds with in the body through a stethoscope

devide used for measuring blood pressure

a blood test to measure the amount of C-reactive protein in the blood, which, when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. It is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease

a blood test used to measure the level of creating phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. The test is useful in evaluating patients with acute myocardial infarction.

a blood test used to measure the amount of homocysteine in the blood. Homocysteine is an amino acid that if elevated may indicate increased risk of cardiovasuclat disease

A blood test to measure the amount of lipids in the blood. Used to evaluate risk of CVD and to monitor treatment of existing CVD provide levels of total cholesterol HDL, LDL and VLDL and triglycerides

blood test that measure troponin released 3 hours after necrosis of heart cells, remain fro 7-10 days. useful to diagnose myocardial infarction

blood test to determine the time it takes for blood clots to form

basic blood screening that measures hemoglobin, gematicrit, red blood cell number and morphology. leukocyte count, white blood cell differential and platelet counts. This is an automated test, easy and fast. Provides much information

measures red blood cells count

blood test used to determine the concentration of oxygen carrying components in red blood cells

test used to determin certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking Coumadin, an oral anti coagulant

stopage of bleeding

removal of plasma

dissolution of a clot

escape of blood from the blood vessel into the tissue

space within a tubular part of organ, such as the space within a blood vessel

to close tightl, to block

abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood clot

rapid loss of blood, as in bleeding

acute coronary syndrome

atrial fibrillation

atrioventricular

blood pressure

coronary artery bypass graft

coronary artery disease

complete blood count and differential

coronary care unit

congestive heart failure

creatine phosphokinase

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

C-reactive protein

digital subtraction angiography

deep vein thrombosis

electrocardiogram

echcardiogram

hematocrit count

hemoglobin

hypertensive heart disease

implantable cardiac defibrillator

impedance plethysmography

myocardial infraction

peripheral arterioal disease

prothrombin time

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

red blood cell (erythrocyte)

single-proton emission computed tomography

transesophageal echocardiogram

white bloodcell count

area arround the opening of the esophagus

lower portion of the stomach

blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine

serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

anus

antrum

cecum

colon

duodenum

intestine

stomach

ileum

jejunum

mouth

rectum

lip

bile duct

gall, bile

common bile duct

peritoneum

small growth, polyp

salivary gland saliva

fat

uvula

tumor of the bile duct

inflammation of the gall bladder

condition of stones in the common bile duct

condition of gallstones

inflammation of the stomache and the entestines

inflammation of the stomach, intestines, and colon

condition of polyps (in the mucous membrane of the intestine, especially the colon high rate from malignancy)

prolapse of the rectum

protrusion of the rectum

stones in the salivary glands

inflammation of the liver associated with fat often caused by alcohol use

chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruciton of cells and formation of scar tissue commonly caused by alcoholism

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually effecting the ileum and characterized by cobblestone ulcarations and the formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction

ulcer in the doudenum

ulcer in the stomach

GERD abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing hearburn

an iron metabolism disoreder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food. resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue. Can cause congestive heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, can cancer of the liver

varicose vein in the rectal area, which may be internal or external

obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis

telescoping of a segment of the intestine

gastric of duodenal ulcer

inflammation of te colon with the formation of ulcers. Bloody diarrhea.

tesiting or kinking of the intestine, cause intestinal obstruction

excision of the antrum

incision into the abdominal cavity

suturing of the lip CHEIL/O = LIP

excission og the gallbladder

excission of the colon

creation of an artificial opening inot the colon

excission of the diverticulum

creation of an artificail opening into the ileum

incision into the abdomen

removal of both the colon and the rectume through both abdominal and perineal approaches; performed to treat colorectal cancer and inglammatory diseases of the lower large intestine. The patient will have a colostomy

• an opening created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood
• vessels or bowel segments.

surgical reduction of the gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity

cutting certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thuse reduce the recurrance of ulcers.

radiographic image of the bile ducts

radiographic imaging of the bile ducts

radiographic image of the gall bladder

radiographic imaging of the colon using a CT scanner and software

Process of recording images of internal organs using high frequency sound waves produced by transducer placed directly on the skin covering the abdominal cavity

series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after a garium enema has been administered rectally

series of radiographic images taken of the stomach and duodenum after barium has been swallowed

• (ERCP) radiographic examination of the biliary tract and pancreatic
• ducts with contrast media, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy

a procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of layers of the intestinal wall; used to detect tumors and cystic growths and for stagin of malignant tumors

a test to detect occult blood in feces. It is used to screen for colon cancer or polyps. Occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be veiwed microscopically (guaiac test)

a blood test used to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria. The bateria can be found in lining of the stomach and can cause peptic ulcers.

without swallowing (the inability to swallow)

difficult digestion (often used to describe GI symptoms)

pain in the stomach

softening of the stomach

disease of the tongue

discharge of fat Usually involved with disease of pancrease

abnormal condition of fat. Increase of fat at cellular level usually effecting the liver

pertaining to mouth and stomach (stomat/o = mouth)

abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

disorder that invloves inflammation of the intestine (usually the large intestine) associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain

expelling matter form the stomach through the mouth. also called vomiting or vomitus

process of feeding a person through a nasogastric tube

vomiting of blood

passage of bloody feces

black tarry stool that contains digested blood. result of bleeding in the upper GI tract

urge to vomit or ( emesis )

abnormal backward flow

surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body, such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, or similar operation. Stoma may also refer to an opening created between body structures or between portions of the intestines.

abdominoperineal resection

barium enema

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic ultrasound

fecal occult blood test

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Helicobacter pylori

irritable bowel syndrome

nausea and vomiting

percutaneus endoscopic gastrostomy

upper gastrointestinal

uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

outer protective layter of the eye

the transperant anterior part of the sclera. infront of hte aqueous humos and lies over the iris

middle layer of the eye. which is interelaced with many blood vessels

the pigmented muscular structure that lalows light to pass through

the opening in the center of the iris

lies directly behind the pupil it is used to focus and bend light

innermost layer of the eye. contains the vision receptors

found at the anterior caivty of the eye, deep to the cornea

the jelly like substance behind the lens in the posterior cavity of hte eye

oil glands found in the upper and lower edges of the eyelids the lep to lubricate the eye

produce and drain tears.

carries teh visual impulses from the teina to the brain

mucous membrane lining the eyelids and coverin the anterior portion of the sclera

eyelid

pupil

conea

tear, tear duct

iris

eye

vision

retina

sclera

cold

two, double

light

tension, pressure

two

vision (condition)

abnormal rfear of or aversoin to specific things

paralysis

inflammation of the eyelids

drooping of the eyelids

inflammation of the conjunctive

inflammation of the tear of lacrimal sac

double vision

inflammation with in the eye

paralysis of the iris

condition of whie cornea

abnormal condition of fungus in the eyes

pain in the eye

paralysis of the eye muscles

fear of light abnormal sensitivity to light

tumor arising from the developing retinal cell ( a congenital, malignant tumor)

diseased condition of the retina

inflammation of the sclera and the cornea

condition of dry eye (conjunctive and cornea)

reduced vision in one eye caused by disuse or misuse associated wit hthe strabismus, unequal refractive erros. or impaired vision. The brain represses teh vision in one eye to prevent double vision

defective curvature of the refractive surface of the eye

clouding of the lens of teh eye

obstrcution fo the oil gland of the eyelid

sepeartion of the retina from the choroid in back of the eye

normal refractive condition of the eye.

eye disorder characterized by optic nerve damage usually caused by intraocular pressue (IOP)

farsightedness

a progressive deterioration of the portion of the retina called teh macula lutea, resulting in loss of central vision

nearsightedness

poor vision at night of in faint light

involuntary jerking movements of eyes

yellowishmass on the conjunctiva that may be related to exposure to ultraviolet light, dry climates, and dust.

impaired vision as a result of aging.

thin tissue growing into the cornea from the conjunctiva, usually caused from sun exposure

hereditary progressive disease marked by night blindness with atrophy and retinal pigment changes

abnormal condition of squint or cross eyes caused by the visual axes not meeting at the same poitn

infection of an oil gland in the eyelid hordeolum

surgical removal of the eyeball (also, the removal of any organ that comes out clean and whole)

Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis A laser procedure that reshapes the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the corea to correct astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia.

method to remove cataracts in which an ultrasonic needle probe breaks up the lens, which is then aspirated

Photorefractive keratectomy a procedure for the treatmeant of nearsightedness in which an Excimer laser is used to reshape (flatten) the corneal surface by removing a portion of the cornea.

a procedure to repair tears in the retina by use of an intense, precisely focused light beam, with causes coagualtion of the tissue protein

A procedure to repair a detachecd retina. A strip of sclera is resected or a fold is made in the sclera. An exoplant is used to hold nd buckle the sclera

srugical creation of a drain to reduce intraocular presure (used to treat glaucoma)

surgical remoavl of all or part of the vitreous humor

photographic process of recording blood vesseds of the ey with a fluorescent dye

an instrument used to measure the cornea

instrument used to measure pressure (within the eye, used to diagnose glaucoma)

pertaining to two or both eyes

pertianing to the eye

agent that constricts the pupil

agent that dilates the pupil

sharpness of vision for either distance or near

age related mascular degeneration

Astigmatism

emmetropia

intraocular pressure

ophthalmology

visual acuity

external structure located on both sides of the head. The auricle directs sound waves into the external auditory meatus

short tube taht ends at the tympanic membrance. The inner part lies within the temporal bone of the skull and contains the glands that secrete earwax

semitransparent membrane that sepeartes the external auditory meatus and the middle ear cavity. The tympanic membrane transmits sound vibrations to the ossicles.

Connects the middle ear and the pharynx. It equalizes air pressure on both sides of the eardrum

bones in the middle ear. Malleus, incus, stapes

bony spaces within the temporal bone of the skull. It contains the cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibule.

snail shaped and contains the organs of hearing. The cochlea connects to the oval window in the middle ear.

contains receptors and endolymph that help the body to maintain its sense of balance(equilibrium)

located int the skell bone behind the external auditory meatus

hearing

ear

tympanic membrane

stapes

tympanic membrane, middle ear.

vestibule

inflammation of the tympanic membrane

pain in the ear

discharge of mucos from the ear.

discharge from the ear

hardening of the ear (stapes) caused by irregular development and resulting in hearing loss)

inflammation of the typmantic memebrane and middle ear.

benign tumor within the auditory canal growing from the acoustic nerve (cranial nerve VIII), vestibulocochlear nerve); may cause hearing loss and may damage structures of the cerebellum as it grows

tumor of the gland that secretes earwax (Cerumen)

cystlike mass composed of epithelial cells and cholestrerol occuring in the middle ear, may be associated with chronic otitis media

chronic disease of the inner ear characterized by dizziness, ringing in the ear, and hearing loss

inflammation of the outer ear

hearing impairment in old age

ringing in the ear

a sense that either one's own body (subjective) of the environment (objective) is revolving; may indicate inner ear disease

pertianing to the cochlea implant

acute otitis media

Eyes ears nose and throat

Ears nose and throat

otitis media