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116 Lecture Test 3

  1. Experimental procedure to figure out different rnap's?
    Ion exchange chromatography
  2. RNA produced by Rnap1?
    large RNA precursors
  3. Rna produced by rnap 2?
    mRNA's and snRNAS and miRNAS
  4. RNA produced by rnap3?
    tRNA's, U6, 5sRNA precursor etc...
  5. Which substance to distinguish between polymerases?
    alpha amantin
  6. What does alpha amantin do and which polymerases are sensitive?
    inhibits RNA synthesis. 

    • rnap2 most sensitive
    • rnap3 least sensitive
    • rnap1 not sensitive at all
  7. Rpb1 function?
    contains CTD; binds DNA involved in start site selection
  8. RPB2?
    contains active site, start site selection, elongation rate
  9. RPB3?
    Function with RPB11 as ortholog
  10. RPB4?
    Subcomplex with rpb7, involved in STRESS response.
  11. RPB5?
    Shared with 1,2,3; target for transcriptional activators
  12. RPB6?
    Shared with 1,2,3; functions in stability and assembly
  13. RPB7?
    Forms subcomplex with rpb4, binds during stationary phase
  14. RPB8?
    shared with 1,2,3; has oligonucl and oligosach bind site
  15. RPB9?
    Contains zinc ribbon motif that may be involved in elongation
  16. RPB10?
    shared with 1,2,3
  17. RPB11?
    May funtion with rpb3 ortholog
  18. RPB12?
    shared with 1,2,3
  19. Which subunits are essential?
    rpb1 and 2
  20. What is epitope tagging?
    Insert epitope gene, rnap expresses, use antibody to bind, isolate and analyze subunits on gel.
  21. What are componets of rnap-dna complex?
    Lid and zipper/rudder/bridge/pore/mg2+

    (maintain dna dissasoc./initiates dna dissaoc./lies next to active center, translocation/ntps enter, rna exits/facilitate phosphodiester formation)
  22. Basic structure of promoter?
    upstream core and coding
  23. Upstream region has?
    gene specific factors, enhancers, silencers
  24. core region has?
    assembly of polymerase, basal transcription factors
  25. coding reigion has?
    exons, introns, elongation
  26. What are characters of class one promoters?
    not well conserved, have core and upstream elements
  27. Character of class 3 promoters?
    entirely within the genes have; t1= 5srRNA/t2=tRNA/t3=non classical
  28. Character of class 2 promoter?
    Core promoter attracts gtfs and rnap2 and has TSS and proximal promoter with upstream elements.
  29. Start and stop site on template strand?
    True
  30. Are there tataless promoters?
    yes
  31. Example of initiator sequence?
    py py A N t/a py py
  32. GC and CCAAT boxes do what?
    bound by TF's to stimulate transcription
  33. How does 5' deletion series work?
    Slowly degrade upstream element until reporter stops working to determine presence and character. Invivo or invitro
  34. How does primer extension work?
    invitro transcription/ hybridize oligo dt primer to mRNA and have RT go towards 5' end. Can measure transcript concentration!
  35. How does linker scanning work?
    Instead of 5' deletion, just cause mutations within the region. Identfies location of control elements, ex// is class 3 rna promoter elements.
  36. What are enhancers?
    repeats of 72bp sequence/stimulate transcription upstream of promoter/can also be internal to promoter
  37. What is a silencer?
    Act at distance, can use chromatin to condense and be inactive.
  38. Enhancers recruit activator proteins?
    True
  39. Are enhancers orientation and posistion dependent?
    False, independent.
  40. How are enhancers and silencers tissue specific?
    Rely on tissue sp. binding proteins/all cells have same genes but differ in proteins expressed/gene activity...
  41. Order of biding of GTF's?
    TF2D + TF2A>TF2B>TF2FRNAP2>TF2E>TF2H
  42. TF2E does what?
    DNA melting
  43. Functions of TF2H?
    Kinase and helicase
  44. Explain nitrocellulose filter technique?
    Labeled DNA in filtrate, Labeled protein in nitrocellulose, combo in paper or not.
  45. Explain gel mobility shift
    If things attach, then shifts higher in gel because heavier.
  46. DNA footprinting to determine what?
    location of binding, use dnase to slowly degrade over time, radiolabel to see where protein bound.
  47. Class 1 factor componets?
    only 2 TF with rnap/core binding: SL1 --- TBP and tafs/upstream promoter element---ubf or uaf
  48. class 3 factors (trna) componets?
    tf3b and tf3c REQUIRED, tf2a has zinc finger motifs for tight dna complex
  49. tf2d has what subunits?
    TBP: binds minor groove of tata box. (universal TF, even in tataless) 13 TAFs--taf 1 and 2 recognize other taf to combine.
  50. TAF1 is hat, kinase?
    YES
  51. TF2B essential for binding RNAp2?
    yes, establishes TSS.
  52. Domains of TF2B?
    • C= tbp bends dna and wraps around this domain
    • N=binds rnap2 and posistions at tss
  53. TF2E enhcances phospho ability of H?
    true
  54. 2 complexes on TF2H?
    • protein kinase (phospho CTD of RNAP2)
    • Helicase/ATPase (unwinds dna at tss for bubble)
  55. helicase activity assay?
    label only one, combo at top and seperate at bottom.
  56. Preinitation complex forms with HYPOphosphorolated form of rnap2?
    true
  57. ctd has yspysps repeats?
    true
  58. rnap11a is unphospho?
    true
  59. rnap2o is phospho?
    true
  60. whic serine phospho during elongation?
    S2
  61. which p added to which S to initate elongation?
    S5.
  62. What does TF2S do?
    stimulate transcripion elongation
  63. rnap2 can be paused and stablilized by Nelf, dsif and reversed via ptef-b?
    true
  64. tf2s stimulates rnase activity?
    true
  65. expansion of bubble will release or hold stalled poly?
    releases it to clear promoter
  66. TAT engages host rna poly?
    true
  67. activators can stimulate or inhibit transcription by rnap2?
    true
  68. the structure of an activator is made of atleast two of which categories?
    dna binding, dimerization, transcription activation, hormone binding.
  69. What are the three subcategories of dna binding domains?
    • zinc containing molecules (alpha helix in major groove)--zinc fingers, modules near hormone receptor, cys modules. 
    • Homeodomains---helix-TURN-helix structure. 
    • bZIP and BHLH---highly basic DNA binding motif linked to one/both of protein dimerization domains leucine zipper/ helix-LOOP-helix.
  70. zinc fingers determine which dna sequence to bind precisely and interact with major groove, t/f.
    True.
  71. Homeodomains are helix-LOOP-helix family.
    False
  72. the zipper in bZIP is a ---- motif
    dimerization. Grasps major groove.
  73. What are the types of transcription activation domains?
    acidic/glutamine rich/proline rich
  74. Features of GAL4 activator?
    controles genes that metab. galactose/contains zinc module dna binding domain and dimerization domain/short alpha helix enters dna major groove.
  75. Hormone binding domain features?
    interact with endocrine signaling molecules/protein and endocrine molecule become activator by binding hormone response element
  76. hormone binding domain classes?
    • t1: bind ligand in cytoplasm then migrate to nucleus. 
    • t2: stay in nucleus w/ ligand activated without inactive/repressed
    • t3: orphans/not identified.
  77. activator domains act independently? ex//?
    True, gal4 with dna binding will work even if paired with a different dna binding (lexA)
  78. What are the functions of activators?
    Basal level transcription not enough, need activator to boost higher level using RECRUIT. Euk. use activators to recruit RNAP to promoters.
  79. 2 models of recruitment?
    stepwise or single unit.
  80. Ways in which activators can interact?
    dimerization/transcription factories/complex enhancers/architectual transcription factors/enhancesome.
  81. Nuclear sites where transcritpion of multiple genes occurs.
    transcription factories.
  82. enable a gene to respond to diff. combo of activators
    complex enhancers
  83. bending of dna to allow other activators to join is example of what?
    architectual transcription factors.
  84. nucleoprotein complex of activators bound to an enhancer.
    enhancesomes.
  85. mechanisms for activators to act at a distance?
    coil/slide/loop/tracking
  86. what did catenane experiment demonstrate?
    that enhancers don't have to be on same dna. can act over distance.
  87. what is 3C, how does it work?
    chromosome conformation capture: used to see how chromatin was modeled when isolated/ crosslink--digest--ligate--reverse cross--ligation products--RT to copy
  88. properties of insulators?
    protect gene from activation by nearby enhancers. 

    stop other chromatin invasion of target gene.
  89. 2 models of insulators?
    protein on insulator interaction between strands

    insulators flanking enhancer to isolate and sequester it. 

    insulators next to eachother to cancel and induce promoter activity.
  90. what are coactivators?
    proteins that increase expression by binding to actiavtor and stabilizing basal transcription complex.
  91. ex// of activators?
    AP-1/sap1a/CREB
  92. examples of coactivator
    CBP
  93. modification examples to regulate regulators?
    phosphorolate---interact with coactivators to stimulate transcription. 

    polyubiq---marks proteins for proteosoamal degreadion. Monoubiq---activates

    sumoylation---marks P's for sequester where no activity. 

    methylation/acetylation/deacetylation--modulate in both directions.
  94. therapeutic examples for HIV?
    TAR rna decoys/neutralizing antibodies/attenuated viral vaccines/t cell vaccines.
  95. ccr5  knockout mediated by?
    zinc finger
  96. 5 componets of histones
    H1/H2A/H2B/H3/H4
  97. are histone genes repeated?
    yes
  98. How do histones affect modification?
    post translational.
  99. What is a nucleosome?
    core of histones around which DNA winds twice (146bp).
  100. Which componets of histone are dimers?
    H2A and B.
  101. The histone tail is rich with ---- residues.
    basic
  102. What are the two models of chromatin folding?
    solenoid and tetranucleosome
  103. Histones regulate activity not just structural?
    true
  104. How does H1 cause repression?
    binding to linker dna between nucleosomes that happen to contain tss.
  105. sp1, gal4, gaga factor act as....
    antirepressors
  106. what does acetylation of histones do?
    removes positive charge of histones relaxing structure and increase transcription.
  107. what does deacytelation do?
    tighten grip of histones on dna to stabilize and reduce transcription.
  108. What does HAT mean? What do they do?
    Histone acetyl transferases, add acetyl groups from donor acetyl coa to CORE HISTONE TAILS.
  109. acetylation occurs where?
    cytoplasm and the nucleus.
  110. HAT types?
    A: in nucleus, gene regulation, looseining of nucleosome control reigions. Bromodomain attract. 

    B: Found in CYTOPLASM, h3 and h4 to assemble into nucleosomes. later removed.
  111. repressors bind to dna sites and interact with co repressors which in turn bind ----
    deacytelases.
  112. corepressors interact with unliganded RAR-RXR receptor?
    true
  113. Nucleosome posistioning?
    results in nucleosome free zones in control regions of active genes.
  114. Active genes are dnase sensitive why?
    Have sensitive regions of relaxed chromatin.
  115. Remodeling complexes mobilized nucleosomes but can also repress by?
    changing confirmation to tighten or not.
  116. Four classes of remodeling complex?
    swi/snf: all share atpase BRG1 and BAFS

    ISWI: have SANT and SLIDE domains for binding to nucleosomes

    NURD

    INO80
  117. All remodeling classes do what?
    alter core structure to make dna accesible to activators/repressors/nucleases.
  118. Human IFN-beta gene activated under what?
    viral infection
  119. What does IFN-beta gene recruit? and why?
    swi/snf to remodel chromatin around tss.
  120. What does histone code say?
    histone tails are acetylated etc. Combo of mods in given nucleosome near control region affects the efficency of that genes transcription. The code is EPIGENETIC.
  121. epigenetic code does not affect dna sequence?
    true
  122. Heterochromatin is inaccesible?
    true
  123. What does SIR stand for?
    silencing information regulator
  124. Order of SIR silencing example?
    RAP1 binds Telomere specific site, then sir3, 4, and 2.
  125. sir 3 and 4 interact with --- directly
    H3 and H4.
  126. acetylation of h4-k16 prevents what?
    interaction with h3 and blocks heterochromatin formation.
  127. histone methylation via?
    HMT's
  128. Methyaltion of histone can have repression and activation via:::
    Me to h3k9 (p1 to mt)

    me to h3k4 so that h3k9 is blocked.
  129. FACT subunits and function?
    facilitiates chromatin transcription by rnap2 elngation through NUCLEOSOMES. has 2 subunits: spt16 and ssrp1 --- binds h2a/b dimers and h3/4 tetramers.
  130. HIV infects which cells?
    cd4+
Author
Dynomightdave89
ID
244005
Card Set
116 Lecture Test 3
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Flash cards on lecture test 3
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