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Eastern v. Western on landscape
- Western: Clear, main objects
- Eastern: Bird's eye, everything flat
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Eastern v. Western on portraits
- Eastern: 4% face-to-frame, attention to details
- Western: 15%, Highlight the person
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Eastern v. Western attention
- Western: Object-oriented, context-independent. Things defined by attributes.
- Eastern: Context-deendent, context-sensitive. Various factors in events.
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Analytic thinking
Use of formal logic, context-independent, predicting behavior based on rules.
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Holistic thinking
Context-inclusive, relationship-oriented, OVERALL
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Low-context v. high-context communication
- Low: Explicit, direct message.
- High: Indirect, building relationships
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Eastern v. Western arguments
- Western: Main argument, point-first
- Eastern: Context, point-last
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Fundamental attributional bias for Western v. Eastern
Over-value personality-based explanations, under-valuing situational explanations
- Western: More error
- Eastern: Less error
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Perceptual filters
- physiological: senses
- sociological: demographic, culture, group membership
- psychological: attitude, belief
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Stages of human information processing
- 1. input/sensation
- 2. storage/memory
- 3. recall/retrieval
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Group by shared features v. group by relationship
- Shared features: Americans (Taxonomic)
- Relationship: East asians (Thematic categorization)
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W PITY PRIDE
A (paternalistic stereotype) (in-group)
R
M CONTEMPT ENVY
T (out-group) (resentment)
H
COMPETENCE
Stereotype content model
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Ethnocentric attributional bias
- Ingroup: Positive acts to internal, negative to external
- Outgroup: Positive acts to external, negative acts to internal
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Two reasons for using reference groups
comparative: making judgements and evaluations
normative: establish norms and standard to which group members conform
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World's most masculine culture
Japan
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What kind of gender groups does Saudi Arabia have?
Patriarchal social and political system.
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World's most feminine culture?
Swedennnnn!
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The way people think is dictated by their language
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Phonems
smallest unit of sound
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morphemes
smallest meaningful units of speech (play-player-played...etc.)
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Extralinguistic information
contextual information, not part of the content of language but is critical to interpreting the meaning.
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Generative grammar
speakers of any language can create an infinite number of sentences from a finite set of sounds and rules
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Direct v. indirect cross-cultural communication style
- direct: assertive "for sure"
- indirect: ambiguous, face-saving
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Elaborate style
Flash and embellished: middle eastern, blacks
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Exacting style
say no more or less than is needed. european americans
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succint style
concise statement and silence
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instrumental style
sender based and goal outcome based
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affective style
receiver based and process oriented
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vocal qualities
paralanguage
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Kinesics (definition and types)
body movement(gestures, facial expression, eye gaze, stance)
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- emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors
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Emblems
people in different cultures use different emblems but usually share a meaning
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illustrators
typically hand and arm movements used with speech. meta-communicative function (messages about messages)
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Affect displays
considered universal, highest sending capacity, facial expressions of emotion
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regulators
behaviors that govern conversation.
head nodding, eye contact, holding hands
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adaptors
satisfy need. eg: scratching head when itches
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Nonverbal expectancy violations theory
people hold expectancies about appropriate nonverbal behaviors. learned and culturally driven.
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