A&P 1 Exam 2

Specialized exocrine glands found in dermis

Sebaceous, Sudiferous, Cermunious, Mammary

• Merocrine glands
• Apocrince glands

Almost always empty onto a hair follicle

Have a lipid component which increase bacteria to the area and that produces the smell. (Bromhidrosis)

Almost never empty onto a hair follicle

Oily Secretions called Sebum

flask shaped gland with duct that opens into hair follice.

Only found in ear conal

• produce ear wax
•       waterproofs the eardrum
•        Bitterness repels mites and other pest

modified apocrine seat gland

tighly packed keratinzed cells

Lunula appears white due to thickened stratum basale in that area

Cuticle is stratum corneum

Nail root/matrix only part that is actively alive

occurs faster on dominate hand

occurs more during summer/fall

covers most of the body

thin epidermis that lacks stratum lucidum

lacks epidermal ridges

has fewer sweat glands and sensory receptors

only on palms and soles

lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands

• barrier
• Vit D. synthesis
• Sensory function
• thermoregulation
• psychological/social function

Releasing of sweat onto the skin

adjusting blood flow to/from the body surface

Shivering and constriction of surface vessels

• Physical
•     tight cell junctions

• Chemical
•     sweat slightly acidic in nature (microbial-factor)

• Biological
•        UV protection

only minor role of the skin

400mL of water ecaporates from the skin daily

Lipid soluble substances can be absorbed

need the skin to produce calsatrione

sunlight activates the precursor to vit D

• 1) Basal cells migrate across the wound
• 2) contact inhibition with other cells stops migration
• 3) epidermal growth factor stimulates cell division

1) imflam phase has clot unite wound edges and WBC arrive from dialtes and more permeable blood vessels

2) migratory phase begins the regroth of epithelial cells and the formation of scare tissue by the fobroblasts

3) proliferative phase is a completion of tissue formation

4) maturation pahse sees the scab fall off

rarely metastasize

arises from stratum basale and invades dermis

treated by surgical removal and radiation

may metastasize

arises from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum

metastaize rapidly

mostly deadly cancer

arises form melanocytes of a pre-existing mole

ABCDE (asymmetry, border irregular, color, diameter(over 6mm) elevation)

only the epidermis

epidermis and part of dermis (blistered)

epidermis, dermis and more is destroyed

tissue from a different region of the patient

skin graft from idential twin

graft from unrelated person (temporary)

tissue from another species

• 1) supporting and protecting soft tissue
• 2) attachment site for muscles making movement possible
• 3) storage of minerals, calcium, and phosphate
• 4) blood cell production in red bone marrow (hemopoiesis)
• 5)Energy storage in yellow bone marrow

• 1) long
• 2) flat
• 3) irregular
• 4) short

2 layers of compact bone seperated by spongy bone

middle layer is spongy bones with no marrow cavity

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

metaphysis

Medullary Cavity

Endosteum

Periosteum

reside in endosteum, periosteum or central conals

arise from embryonic fibroblasts

only new source of steoblasts

form and help mineralize organic matter of matrix

are osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix

signal osteoclasts and osteoblasts about mechanical stresses.

break down bone

reside in pits called resorption bays

collagen, glycosaminogycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

• 85% hydroxyapatite
• 10% calcium carbonate

Basic structural unit

vascular canals perpendiculary joing centeral canals

Hemopoietic-produces blood cells

Found in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle and proximal heads of femur and humerous in adults.

fatty marrow of long bones in adults

shock absorber

bones arise out of connective tissue

Most bones are derived from intramembranous

1) mesenchymal cells become osteoprogenitor cells then osteoblasts

2) Osteoblasts surround themsleves with matrix to become osteocytes

3) matrix calcifies into trabeculae with spaces holding red bone marrow

4) mesenchyme condenses as periosteum at the bone surface

5) superficial layers or spongy bone are replaced with compact bone

anchors growth plate to bone

rapid cell division (stacked coins)

cells enlarged and remain in columns

thin zone, cells mostly dead since matrix calcified

short stature but normal sized head and trunk

results of spontaneous mutation when DNA is replicated

only effects long bones