Flashcards

The smallest piece of matter that still retains the property of the element.

• Proton- inside the nucleus; positive; mass of 1
• Neutron- inside the nucleus; nuetral charge; mass of 1
• Electron- surrounding the nucleus; negative charge; mass of 0

Their charges cancel out.

Atomic number is the number of the element on the periodic table, and it is also the same as the number of protons.

400 B.C. proposed the idea that atoms make up all substances. Theory remained unchanged till 1900's.

400 B.C. proposed incorrect theory that matter is uniform throughout.

1800's prooved atoms exist.

1911 proposed that all the mass and positive charges of an atom is in central atomic nucleus surrounded by electrons.

1913 hypothesized that electrons travel in fixed orbits around an atoms nucleus.

• 1904 atoms were attached to a positively charged sphere.
• 1911 all mass and pos. charges are in nucleus surrounded by electrons.
• 1913 nucleus contained pos. and neutral charges and surrounded by electrons traveling in fixed orbit.
• Currently same as 1913, but electrons do not travel in fixed orbit.

The mass number is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons added together. To get neutrons subtract number of protons or the atomic number from the mass number.

An isotope is when an atom of the same element has a different number of neutrons. It is related to average atomic mass, since most atoms have more than one isotope, AAM is the weighted-average mass of the mixture of isotopes.

Valence electrons are the electrons on the outermost energy level, and for columns 1,2,13,14,15,16,17, and 18 the last number of the column number is the number of valence electrons.

Arranged in Periods and Columns, Periods they are in have same number of energy levels and Columns have similar properties.

Rows/Periods

Columns/Groups/Families

Group 18 is relatively unreactive, and they all have complete outer levels.

• Nitrogen- 78%
• Oxygen- 21%

Most of the remaining 1% is inactive gas, argon, and water vapor. And the small remaining portion is a mixture of trace gases.

Used to contain mostly hydrogen and helium. They were lost and replaced by volcanic eruptions producing water vapor and Carbon Dioxide, Photosynthesis produced oxygen and ozone was created. Volcanoes mainly responsible.

• Thermosphere- very low in density, does not affect weather.
• Mesosphere- same as thermosphere.
• Stratosphere- extremely dry and rich in ozone.
• Troposphere- where most weather occurs.

• Densest- Troposphere
• Coldest- Thermosphere
• Hottest- Troposphere

Located above stratosphere, and it protects earth from Ultra-Violent rays.

Between stratosphere and exosphere, 80-400km above earth's surface.

• Greenhouse Effect- refers to the re-emission of infrared radiation back to earths surface.
• Global Warming- an increase in the average global temperature of earth.

• Respiration- produces carbon dioxide and water vapor.
• Photosynthesis- uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen.

• Cumulus- flat and enlongated, form from air parcels. Located at about 5,000 ft.
• Stratus- form from layers of air gently rising, produce drizzle or a lot of rain. Located at about 5,000 ft.
• Cumulonimbus- forms from unstable air, brings intense rain. Located at about 7,000 ft.

It is a rain cloud.

Stratus Clouds or fog.

Cumulus Clouds and showers/thunderstorms.

When air goes from High Pressure to Low Pressure, wind is created.

Crust, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Upper Mantle, Lower Mantle, Outer Core, then Inner Core.

a weaker, plastic like layer upon which earth's lisospheric plates move.

made up of rocly material of the crust and upper most mantle.

In 1915, he proposed a hypothesis that suggested that Earth's plates once were part of a large super-continent. This continent was called Pangea.

a theory originating in 1960's. States earths consists of about 12 major plates and many minor plates that are composed of a rigid layer of the upper mantle & crust. There are 3 main types of plate boundaries.

• Sea Floor Spreading- Magma from mantle is forced upward because of low density. This causes the crust to crack (fault) and move apart.
• Matching plants, fossils, and animals on different continents, and puzzle peice fit.

Divergent, Convergent, and Transform.

at a mid-ocean ridge magma rises along a faulted rift valley, spreads, and cools to form new oceanic crust.

when plates collide and come together.

horizontal motion of lithosphere.

the transfer of heat by the mass movement of heated particles into an area of cooler fluid.

shock waves in solid rock, created by earthquakes.

also called p-waves, primary waves cause particles in a material to undergo a push-pull type motion. they can travel through all kinds of matter.

also called s-waves, secondary waves are body waves that travel more slowly than primary waves. sometimes called shear waves, s-waves cause particles to move perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. s-waves can only travel through solids.

surface waves cause a rolling motion much like ocean waves. can be an up-down rolling motion and also a side-to-side motion.

an earthquakes point of origin.

the point on earth's surface directly above the focus.

The magnitude of an earthquake.

Mercalli scale measures the amount of ground shaking and the damage it caused.

Magma is the molten material beneath Earth's crust, once it is pushed upward and comes out the volcanoe, it becomes lava.

• Cinder Cone- gas rich magma, explosively
• Shield- composed of layers of lava
• Composite- composed of alternating layers

Hot spots are volcanically active sites that arise in places where large quantities of magma move to the surface.