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A period of special sensitivity to specific types of learning that shapes the capacity for future development
Critical Period
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The inability to consider another's point of view, which Piaget considered a hallmark of preoperational stage
Egocentrism
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The third, and final stage of prenatal development (8 weeks to birth), characterized by rapid weight gain in the fetus and the fine detailing of body organs and systems
Fetal Period
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Prejudice or discrimination against an individual based on physical age
Ageism
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A strong affectional bond with special others that endures over time
Attachment
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An innate form of learning within a critical period that involves attachment to the first, large moving object seen
Imprinting
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How do teratogens affect the individual?
They have to pass through the placental barrier
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Environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal development. Anything bad that the mother can do that can cause damage.
Teratogen
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Biological changes during adolescence that lead to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity
Puberty
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Piaget's 1st stage (0-2 years old) in which schemas are developed through sensory and motor activities
Sensorimotor Stage
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2nd stage of the prenatal development that begins after uterine implantation and lasts through the 8th week
Embryonic Period
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Piaget's 4th stage (11 years+) characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking
Formal Operational Stage
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When the sperm fuses with the egg
Conception
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Research that measures people of various ages at one point in time and gives info about age differences
Cross-Sectional Method
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The study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from birth to death
Developmental Psychology
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Piaget's third stage (7-11 years). The child can perform mental operations on concrete objects and understand reversibility and conservation, but abstract thinking is not yet present
Concrete Operational Stage
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Understanding that certain physical characteristics (such as volume) remain unchanged, even when their outward appearance changes.
Conservation
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In Piaget's theory, adjusting old schemas and developing new ones to better fit with new info.
Accommodation
-
An infant's understanding that objects or people continue to exist even why they cannot be directly see, heard or touched
Object Permanence
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A combination of birth defects, including organ deformities and mental, motor, or growth retardation, that results from maternal alcohol abuse
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Absorbing new information into existing schemas
Assimilation
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Development governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signals
Maturation
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Research that measures a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period and gives info about age changes (life span changes)
Longitudinal Method
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1st stage of prenatal development that begins with conception and ends with implantation in the uterus (first 2 weeks)
Germinal Period
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Piaget's second stage, (2-7 years) characterized by the ability to employ significant language and to think symbolically
Preoperational Stage
-
What is poorly developed during birth?
Vision
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Gradual, inevitable changes vs. changes due to disease, disuse, or neglect
Primary Aging
-
Believed infants begin at a cognitively "primitive" level and progress in distinct stages
Jean Piaget
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Most basic unit of intellect, which acts as patterns that organize interactions with the environment (Piaget)
Schemas
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Physical Characteristics of FAS?
(3)
- Smooth Upper Lip (philtrum)
- Less brain mass
- Underdeveloped frontal lobe
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Non-Physical characteristics of FAS?
(3)
- Lowered IQ (under 70)
- Not mentally retarded
- Fine muscle movement "pinching"
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What are the effects of smoking cigarettes while pregnant?
Premature Birth
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These are examples of:
Lack of eyelids
Respiratory problems
Translucent skin
Excess digits of finger or toes
Nicotine Addicition
Premature Birth
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What is the normal curve for IQ?
70-130
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What is Down's Syndrome caused by?
Trisomy-21
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What are the 4 physical characteristics of Down's Syndrome?
- Protruding tongue
- Rounded Head
- Upturned nose
- Blank stare
-
When is someone most likely to have a miscarriage?
Germinal Period
-
How do we know a child can see?
If you show them the same image over and over again they turn their head away, they get bored
-
When rubbing a baby's cheek and it turns its head and opens it's mouth in search of a nipple for food
Rooting Reflex
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3 flaws of Piaget's theory?
- Children don't develop the same way
- Culture wasn't a factor
- Longitudinal/Case study of a few children
-
Child stays close to mother, shows moderate distress when separated, and is happy when mother returns
Securely Attached
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Strange situation procedure; identified three types of attachment in children
Ainsworth
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Child treats mother and stranger the same and rarely cries when mother leaves
Avoidant Attachment
-
Child is upset as mother leaves; cries uncontrollably and mother provides no real sense of comfort when she returns
Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment
-
Which level of attachment is healthiest?
Securely Attached
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What are the three types of Parenting styles?
- Permissive
- Authoritarian
- Authoriative
-
3 Levels of Attachment?
- Securley attached
- Avoidant
- Anxious/Ambivalent
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4 Stages of Cognitive?
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational
-
Object Permanence and Stranger Anxiety
Sensorimotor
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Egocentrism, Animistic thinking, and lack of conservation
Preoperational
-
Gain of conservation, simple operations and language development
Concrete Operational
-
Abstract logical thought
Formal Operational
-
They set little rules, boundaries, and they don't care. The worst parenting style
Permissive
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Overly strict, no reason as to why. 2nd worst parenting style
Authoritarian
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They are strict, but it's for a good reason. Best parenting style
Autoritative
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3 Major Research issues in developmental psychology
- Nature vs. Nurture
- Continuity vs. Stages
- Stability vs. Change
-
Heredity vs. Environment
Nature vs. Nurture
-
Continuous and gradual vs. Periods of abrupt changes and then periods of little change
Continuity vs. Stages
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Characteristics maintained vs. Characteristics different
Stability vs. Change
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