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Uvula
- Cone-shaped projection soft palate
- Swallowing: soft palate and uvula drawn upward
- Closes off nasopharynx: preventing food and fluid entry to nasal cavity.
- (Sometimes doesn't work and things can go up nose from throat or down throat from nose)
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Tongue
- Moves food through the oral cavity
- Assists with swallowing and speech
- Lingual Frenulum: anchors tongue to floor of oral cavity. Also limits posterior motion of the tongue, so we don't choke on our tongue.
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Salivary Glands
- Saliva
- 99.5% water, .5% solutes
- Wets food for easier swallowing
- Dissolves food for tasting
- Chemical digestion of starch begins with enzyme (salivary amylase)
- Enzyme (lysozyme): helps destroy bacteria
- Protects mouth from infection with its rinsing action
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Parotid Gland
- Largest salivary glad
- Anterior and inferior to the ear
- Site of mumps infection
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Submadndibular Gland
Inferior to the body of the mandible
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Sublingual Gland
Inferior to tongue on floor of oral cavity
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Deciduous (Primary or baby teeth)
- Come in from 6-2.5 years
- Lost from 6 years old to teens
- 20 teeth
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Central Incisors
Cutting and shearing
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Lateral Incisors
cutting and shearing
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Cuspids (canine)
Holding and tearing
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Bicuspids (1st and 2nd premolar)
Crushing and grinding
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Molar (1st, 2nd, and 3rd)
Crushing and grinding
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Enamel
- hardest substance in body
- calcium phosphate or carbonate
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Dentin
calcified connective tissue
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Cementum
- bone-like
- periodontal ligament penetrates it
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Pharynx
- A funnel-shaped tube posterior to oral cavity
- Composed of skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane
- Origin of Peristalsis
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Nasopharynx
respiration only
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Oropharynx
digestive and respiratory functions
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Laryngopharynx
digestive and respiratory functions
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Tonsils
- Located in pharynx
- Nodes of lymph tissue
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Palatine (tonsillectomy) (tonsils)
lateral, posterior region of oral cavity
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Lingual (tonsils)
base of tongue
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Pharyngeal (adenoid)
posterior wall of nasopharynx
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Esophagus
- portion of the GI tract connecting the pharynx to the stomach (10 inches long)
- Collapsible muscular tube posterior to the trachea
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Epiglottis
- Cartilaginous, leaf like structure
- Positioned on top of glottis that covers the trachea during swallowing
- -Prevents fluid/food entry
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Lower Esophageal Sphincter
- Junction between the esophagus and the stomach
- Constricts to prevent regurgitation of stomach contents back into esophagus (heartburn, acid reflux)
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Stomach
- Most distensible part of the GI tract
- J-shaped pouch which empties into the small intestine
- Functions:
- -store food prior to entry into small intestine
- -mechanically churns food and gastric secretions-mechanical
- -partial digestion of proteins-chemical
- -limited absorption (alcohol, water, drugs, electrolytes)- "speed" of action
- -moves food into the small intestine as "chyme"
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Cardia
Upper, narrow region just below lower esophageal sphincter
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•Fundus
- –dome shaped portion in contact with diaphragm
- –superior to and left of cardia
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Body (of the Stomach)
main, central portion
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Pyloris (of the stomach)
- Funnel shaped terminal portion
- -Pyloric antrum- wide
- -Pyloric canal- narrow
- -Pyloric sphincter- junction of stomach and small intestine
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Small Intestine
- Primary site of digestive and absorption events
- Absorption of nutrients enhanced due to large surface area
- -Folds
- -Villi
- -Microvilli
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Duodenum
- Originates at pyloric sphincter; C-shaped
- Receives bile from the common bile duct that arises from the liver (production/secretion) and the gallbladder (storage)
- Receives pancreatic juice from the pancreas via the pancreatic duct
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Jejunum
- duodenum to ileum
- primary region of absorption
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Illeum
- distal portion
- ileocecal valve b/w small and large intestine
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Large Intestine
- preparation of chyme for elimination
- absorption of water and electrolytes
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Cecum
- inverted pouch
- Vermiform Appendix: lymphatic tissue which may ward off infection
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Colon
- Ascending colon: ascend from the cecum up right abdominal wall to transverse colon
- -Hepatic Colon: Splenic flexure to DC
- Descending colon: runs down left abdominal wall
- Sigmoid colon: S shaped attachment with rectum
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