NRSC - Exam 2 Flashcards.txt

• phonology - rules governing the sounds of language
• semantics - meaning of words and word combinations
• syntax - how words are put together in a sentence

• anterior - speech output. syntactic processing
• posterior - speech comprehension, semantic processing.

problems with producing and comprehending grammatical aspects of language, patients with anterior lesions

loss of ability to write

inability to read as a consequence of brain damage

speech at one pitch, due to brain damage to anterior regions of right hemisphere.

can recognize a single letter or a single word, but cannot if it's in a string of letters or words.

(disordered speech output) patients have difficulty producing words, but it was not because of difficutly with the muscles. Lesion to frontal region, just anterior to, but not in, the section of the motor strip responsible for control of the face.

caused by severing connection between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas, characterized by difficulty repeating what was just heard. Sound images received by W would not be conducted forward to B’s to be produced.

aphasia resulting from right-hemisphere lesion in right-hander... doesn't occur often

phonological alexia plus semantic paralexias and difficulty reading abstract words.

print directly associated with meaning. Must be used with irregular words.

disordered intonation, due to damage to left hemisphere.

compulsive repetition of what someone has said

inability to comprehend language or produce it. Caused by extensive damage to multiple parts of system (eg output center and sound image center).

how each grapheme should sound, and how they should be combined.

• ability to ‘fill in the blanks’ and make assumptions about material that is not explicitly stated.
• Difficulty with inference = difficulty using what was previously said to interpret what’s going on.
• Difficulty with nonliteral aspects of language

do not follow grapheme-to-phoneme rules, impossible to sound out correctly.

spelling dyslexia or pure alexia, individual letters can be identified but cannot be integrated to form a word.

• reasonable spelling (manually and verbally) for regular and nonwords, but perform poorly with irregular words.
• narrative

individual consistently misreads beginning or end of a word.

'nonsense words', follow the rules by which a language combines its sounds yet are not words

errors in producing specific words, manifest in many ways

inability to process more than one letter at a time, read all letters in a word, or appreciate overall form of a group of letters

can recognize a single letter or a single word, but cannot if it's in a string of letters or words.

individual consistently misreads beginning or end of a word.

spelling dyslexia or pure alexia, individual letters can be identified but cannot be integrated to form a word.

smallest unit of sound that can signal meaning (ex. C and b do not mean anything in themselves, but change the meaning from cat to bat)

substituted word has similar sound to intended one. ex. table --> trable

disrupted phonological route, but intact direct route. No problem reading previously learned words, but difficulty reading nonwords or unfamiliar words. Lesion to posterior left hemisphere. Perhaps a milder form of deep alexia?

can manually or orally spell regular and irregular words, but perform poorly with nonwords. Lesion to left supramarginal gyrus (parietal above posterior sylvian fissure)

disrupted phonological route, but intact direct route. No problem reading previously learned words, but difficulty reading nonwords or unfamiliar words. Lesion to posterior left hemisphere. Perhaps a milder form of deep alexia?

sounds that compose language and rules that govern their combination

the way in which a phoneme is articulated/produced in particular contexts (anterior/Broca's problems)

location in the vocal tract where airflow is obstructed

intonation pattern, or sound envelope, of an utterance. Ex. Distinguishing a statement from a question by noting the rise or fall of tone of voice. Right hemisphere is better at interpreting these cues

word is misread as a word with similar meaning. ex. reading forest and saying 'woods' Difficulty reading abstract words. ex. sympathy vs basket

substituted word has similar meaning to intended one ex.

meaning of language, patients with posterior aphasia have most problems with this. Written and spoken

have trouble linking surface information (visual form of word) directly to meaning. Disruption in direct route but not phonological route... cannot read irregular words.

rules of grammar

words produced tend to be only content words, not function words or word endings

same deficits as Broca’s aphasia, but can repeat. Often do so compulsively – echolalia.

disconnection between region processing sound images of words and the concept center. Symptoms similar to Wernicke’s, except can repeat words and also exhibit echolalia.

timing between release of air for the stop consonant and vibration of vocal cords

disrupted speech comprehension along with fluent (but nonsensical) speech output. Fluent = not disjointed, jumble of words ‘word salad’

• 1. reticular activating system (RAS)
• 2. superior colliculus
• 3. thalamus
• 4. parietal lobe
• 5. anterior cingulate nucleus
• 6. frontal lobe

alerts brain to be aroused and pay attention, keeps brain in attentive state

allocates attention by controlling eye movements - saccades

early gating of sensory information, receiving information from RAS... selective attention

fine-grain selection of sensory information, allocation of attentional resources to specific stimulus or task

selecting response - ex. stroop effect

ex. name the color that the word is printed in when the word is the name of another color.

selecting, initiating and inhibiting motor responses

basic levels of attention, allows us to be responsive to the world around us.

• vertical plane neglect; turns out is also related to near-far neglect
• -bottom neglecting patient would bisect lines closer to top than she should have; she would neglect the near part of space
• -top neglecting patient would bisect lines closer to bottom than he should have; he would neglect the far part of space

selecting specific information for further processing

pouring water at least 7 degrees C cooler than body temperature into the ear canal induces motion in semicircular canals. May increase brain activation in temporal parietal region

person does not regain consciousness though bodily functions can be maintained. Have primitive reflexes, follow people with their eyes, but have no additional awareness of outside world.

selection of appropriate response to stimuli

unresponsive to most external stimuli

slow-going negative shift in brain's electrical activity in response to warning signal about imperative stimulus.

person is confronted with two similar items simultaneously, one on each side of space. Used to determine hemi-neglect.

theory that attention is selected early in processing, before items are identified

• Individual ignores, or does not pay attention to, the side of space contralateral to the lesion
• Inattention not dependent on modality of information presented
• More severe after right hemisphere lesions

helps to keep us awake by modulating levels of arousal in the cortex. Works along with medial dorsal and reticular nuclei

theory that attention selected after sensory processing is complete, and items have been identified and categorized.

there are limited number and types of resources that can only be used for certain types of processes.

• item attributes or object. ex. Finding a person according to what they said they’d be wearing (a green jacket with white stripes)
• Object-based attentional modulation 250-300 ms after stimulus presentation
• Corbetta et al. 1991 study: are the two clips of moving colored shapes identical or not? Pay attention to rate of motion, color, or shape and ignore the other two aspects. If attending to color, V4 most active. Shape, more active ventral visual stream. Motion, area MT.

within the thalamus, selective attention

effort required to process information

• in the brain stem
• Alerts brain to be aroused and pay attention… keeps brain in constant attentive state
• Controls sleep-wake cycles
• Connects to most regions of cortex
• Bilateral damage results in coma

• eye movement jump from one position to the next with no processing of intervening visual information.
• Express saccade – 120 ms, reflexive, triggered by novel stimuli in the periphery, disrupted by damage to S.C.
• regular saccades – 200-300 ms, disrupted by damage to frontal eye field

selection of information (sensory information, possible responses) essential to a task.

denying ownership of a limb

• ex. Finding a person according to where they said they might be (in arrivals, under the Lufthansa sign)
• Space-based attentional modulation 100 ms after stimulus presentation
• Greater response when item appears in attended location vs unattended location.

state in which a person can be aroused when shaken vigorously or called by name but cannot speak rationally and fall back into unconsciousness quickly

• Flexibly allocates attention by controlling eye movements - saccades
• Usually responsible for bringing peripheral stimuli into foveal vision
• supranuclear palsy – degeneration of superior colliculus and parts of basal ganglia. Renders a person basically blind by inability to move attention from one thing to another.

• (subcortical)
• Early gating of sensory information
• Parts receive information from RAS
• Medial dorsal, intralaminar, and reticular nuclei – modulate level of arousal in cortex
• Pulvinar nucleus – selective attention.

sustained attention, ability to maintain alertness continuously over time.