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What are the 3 parts of the triune brain?
- reptilian (old)
- paleomammalian (not as old)
- neomammalian (new)
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the closer to the spinal cord, the ____ the brain
"older"
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nervous tissue comes from the _____
ectoderm
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What is another name for forebrain?
Prosencephalon
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What is another name for midbrain?
Mesensephalon
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What is another name for the hindbrain?
Rhombencephalon
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The cerebrum, cortex hemispheres, and diencephalon are involved in the ____.
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
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The brain stem stem (midbrain) is involved in the ____.
mesencephalon (midbrain)
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The brain stem (pons, medulla) and cerebellum are involved in the ____.
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?
- medulla (oblongata)
- midbrain
- pons
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The folds of the brain begin at _____ weeks and start to get ___ and ___.
26; gyri & sulci
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Why does the brain have folds?
limiting size; need to fold over because we have all the excess cell bodies
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Where is the third ventricle located?
diencephalon
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What are the two "matters" of the brain?
gray & white
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What makes the white matter white?
fat
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In the spinal cord, where is the gray matter.
deep inside (it must be protected)
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What is located deep in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
cell bodies of neurons
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In which two regions of the brain is the nuclei stretched out to other places?
- brain stem
- cerebellum (in cerebellum they are farther from center)
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The four ventricles are filled with what?
CSF
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CSF is a derivative of what?
plasma
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Ventricles are lined with what cells?
ependymal cells
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What shape are the left and right (1&2) lateral ventricles? Where are they located? What separates them?
- They are C-shaped.
- They lie deep within the cerebral hemispheres.
- Separated by septum pellucidum.
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The third ventricle lies within the ______ and communicates with the lateral ventricles via two ________.
- diencephalon
- interventricular foramina
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Where does the fourth ventricle lie? How does it communicate with the third ventricle?
- lies in the hindbrain (rhombencephalon).
- the cerebral aqueduct
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What is the brain floating in?
CSF
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What are the ridges in the brain called? The grooves?
- gyrus/gyri (ridges/bumps)
- sulcus/sulci (grooves/shallow fissures)
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The two cerebral hemispheres are separated along the midline by what?
longitudinal fissure
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What separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum?
transverse cerebral fissure
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What are the four lobes of the brain? What are their associations?
- frontal - thinking
- parietal - sensory & motor
- temporal - taste, hearing, smell
- occipital - vision
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What is the cortex of the brain that cannot be seen on the surface?
Insula
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What are the two regions that lie beside the central sulcus?
- primary motor area
- primary somatosensory cortex
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What is white matter?
communication fibers between axons
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Rostral is the direction towards the ____.
nose
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Caudal is the direction towards the _____.
Rear end
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Which cortex allows for the continuous control of skilled movement?
Primary motor cortex
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Which cortex is the region controlling learned motor skills and integrating them with other things going on?
premotor cortex
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What is a motor speech area (controls muscles involved in speech production)?
Broca's area
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What part of the cerebral cortex controls eye movement?
frontal eye field
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What cortex allows spatial discrimination and ability to detect the location of the stimulus? (i.e. feeling the air on your skin)
primary somatosensory
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What cortex integrates sensory information and produces understanding of the stimulus being felt?
somatosensory association cortex
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Which two areas (cortex) allow the reception and interpretation of visual stimuli? Where are these areas located in the brain?
- primary visual cortex & visual association area
- located in the occipital lobe
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Which two areas (cortex) allow the detection of the properties and contextual recognition of sound? Where are these areas located in the brain?
- primary auditory cortex & auditory association area
- located in the temporal lobes
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Which cortex allows for the detection of odors? Where is this cortex located in the brain?
- primary olfactory cortex
- located in temporal lobe
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Which cortex allows for the detection of balance?
vestibular cortex
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Which cortex is involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality; closely linked to the limbic (motion) system?
prefrontal cortex
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What are the language areas involved in comprehension and articulation?
- Wernicke's area
- Broca's area
- the lateral prefrontal cortex
- lateral & ventral parts of the temporal lobe
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What is the name of an area that receives input from all sensory area, integrating signals into a single thought?
general interpretation area
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What area is involved in conscious visceral sensation?
visceral association area
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Is lateralization about symmetry or asymmetry?
asymmetry
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What is it called when each cerebral hemisphere has unique abilities not shared with the other half?
lateralization
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Which hemisphere dominates language, math, and logic?
left side
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Which hemisphere dominates visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic skills?
right side
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______'s area is involved in reading whereas _____'s area is involved in motor speech.
Wernicke's and Broca's
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What is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers?
cerebral white matter
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Consists of a group of subcortical nuclei, which play a role in motor control and regulating attention and cognition.
basal nuclei
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What are the "numbered" areas of the brain?
Brodmann's areas
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The man figure that demonstrates the relative number of neurons used for certain senses.
sensory homunculus
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The tracts that connect the left and right brain reside in the _____.
Corpus callosum
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What is the starred structure?
Corpus collosum
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What is the starred structure?
cingulate gyrus
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What is this representing?
motor homunculi
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What is the term associated with the motor homunculi?
somatotopic
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What are the fibers that are on the same side, and they don't cross over to the other side of the brain?
association fibers
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What are the fibers that run north to south (nostral to caudal)?
projection fibers
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What fibers cross over within the brain (i.e. corpus collosum)
commissural fibers
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The putamen and globus pallidus are the anatomical structures of what?
lentiform nucleus (of the basal nuclei)
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What are the fibers that cross from right over left (or left over to right) and form triangles?
decussation of pyramids
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Pyramidal is ____ output.
motor
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What is one lateral to another lateral?
contralateral
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What is another name for basal nuclei?
corpus striatum
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What is the functional, learning center of the brain (almond-shaped)?
amygdala
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What is the black substance located inside midbrain? What does it secrete?
substantia nigra; it secretes DA
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What are the 3 gray matter areas?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
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Which "gray matter" plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, and memory?
thalamus
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Which "gray matter" is the control center of the body, regulating ANS activity such as emotional response, body temp, food intake, endocrine function?
hypothalamus
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The hypothalamus acts via the ______. What is another name for it?
pituitary; hypophysis
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What "gray matter" area includes the pineal gland and helps with sleep-wake cycles?
epithalamus
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What is the stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary?
infundibulum
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What is the "crossing over" of vision?
optic chiasma
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What "nucleus" is in charge of day & night cycling?
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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What are some things that the thalamic nuclei are in charge of?
- memory and emotion
- audition
- somesthetic output
- gustation (taste)
- limbic system
- relay of visual and auditory
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What are some things that the hypothalamic nuclei are in charge of?
- thirst
- hot or not
- appetite
- rage
- memory
- oxytocin
- pain control
- sex drive
- biological clock
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What part of the brain is the "old brain" and in charge of automatic behaviors necessary for survival?
brain stem
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What 3 things does the brain stem consist of?
- midbrain
- pons (pathways b/w brain and spinal cord)
- medulla oblongata (cardiac and resp. rate)
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Where do nerves output to?
the CNS
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