Corrections Exam #2.txt

rise in elderly prisoners, minority prisoners, juveniles waived to adult status, and drug and property offenders

• often times there are more minorities in prisons than whites
• this occurs because minorities tend to have:
• 1) higher poverty rates
• 2) higher arrest rates
• 3) higher drug usage
• 4) higher percentage of crimes committed against them

• radial design
• telephone pole design
• courtyard style
• campus style

• designed to minimize the possibility of escapees and violence
• strict limitations on inmates and visitors
• 38% of state inmates
• strict routines
• frequent head counts
• structures are built to last and tend to be older

• designed to prevent escapees and violence
• less rigid than in maximum security facilities
• 43% of state inmates
• more privileges and contact with outside world
• campus or courtyard style
• razor-wire and guard towers remain

• design and organized to permit inmates and visitors as much freedom as consistent with the concept of incarceration
• 19% of state inmates
• lacks guard towers and walls
• prisoners live in dormitories or small private rooms
• more personal freedom
• still a prison

• many women who enter prison are pregnant or have young children
• have more hygienic needs than men
• substance abuse issues
• women have generally been the caretakers for their children
• incarcerated women often have a history of sexual and physical abuse
• gender issues (correctional officer-inmate relationship)

• the separation of female inmates from their children is one of the greatest challenges in prison administration today
• increasing number of women come to prison pregnant
• greater need for medical stall
• programs have developed to aid the inmate to bond with her infant
• parenting programs for inmates to stay connected to their children
• Girl Scouts Behind Bars

• classified like male inmates
• as accomplices to men, they were given the same security classification
• "over classification" became a barrier to successful reentry
• reduced points for certain types of crimes
• recognized that having children and close ties to communities makes females less of a risk
• many females are moved to less secure prisons

• parenting issues and medical care
• employment barriers - single parent lacking education and/or vocational skills
• mental health - exhibit more mental health issues
• substance abuse

• Barefield v. Leach - equal programs needed to be provided for male and female inmates
• Pargo v. Elliot - differences in programming between male and female prison did not violate Equal Protection
• these led to expanded programing for females and additional facilities to allow female inmates to serve time closer to their families

warden or superintendent

• uniformed staff
• professional and administrative staff

• charged with mannging
• supervise all areas of prison that house inmates
• uniformed/paramilitary
• largest department of prison workers

• public & media affairs: interact with television and print media
• legislative liaison: helps to shape new laws and shape corrections policy
• legal advisors: responds to inmate lawsuits, gives legal advice to the director
• internal affairs: inspector within the department who deals with ethical issues

• administrative: budget development and accounting, construction of new prisons
• human resources: recruitment and hiring, labor relations, and retirement
• community supervision: in some states the department oversees probation and parole services
• field operations: state prisons may be assigned to a reign and managed regionally

• education and vocational training
• mental health programs
• recreation
• religious services
• substance abuse treatment

• budget and financing
• maintenance
• laundry operations
• work programs
• food and health service
• commissary

• organizes prisons into smaller components
• enhance staff and inmate interaction
• determine inmate job assignments
• allows for close monitoring of inmate activities
• minimizes inmate behavioral problems

• clear policies and procedures
• policies clearing communicated
• consistent implementation of policies
• comprehensive training of staff
• quality assurance - ensuring compliance with prison policies, policy audit, ACAA

• review of written prison policy documents
• observation of staff as they perform duties

• voluntary
• recognition that prison has met rigorous standards

• controls inmate behavior
• determines inmates' prison security level
• how an inmate is classified my determine the housing assignment
• classification level can act as motivator for good behavior
• inmates are subject to reclassification

• you can lose "good time" credit
• written policy provided to all inmates
• list of fair and equitable sanctions
• control threatening inmates

• warden
• safety manager
• institution administrator
• employee development specialist
• classification specialist

• recreation specialist
• case manager
• correctional officer

• teacher
• psychologist
• substance abuse counselor

• computer specialist
• maintenance worker
• secretary/clerical worker
• laundry supervisor
• food service manager

operate with only input from within the prison organization

frequent contact between he internal prison organization and other groups for input on policy

• ruled the prison with an iron fist
• demanded strict adherence from staff and inmates
• prison clean and spotless
• inmates marched in straight lines
• believed his function was to synchronize men and their behavior

• federal court intervention required that the management style shifted from discipline to rehabilitation
• by 1978, conditions in Stateville deteriorated to anarchy
• gangs ran the prison

• modern wardens no longer function autonomously
• prisons have mission statements
• accreditation standards
• transformational leaders
• contributes to creating the prison's culture
• transactional leaders
• coordinates with outside agencies

• make up approximately 2/3 of all prison staff
• assist in the accomplishment of the prison's mission statement
• need to buy in to the prison's culture
• maintain control and order in the prison
• responsible for constant supervision of inmates
• important to adhere strictly to prison policy and procedures
• maintain close communication with inmates

• living units
• yard officers
• perimeter security
• relief officers
• administrative building
• work detail
• industrial shop, school

• Stress and Danger: need for constant vigilance
• Gain Compliance of Inmates: enact discipline
• Post Orders: detail of daily schedule
• Organizational Stress: understaffing, shift work
• Critical to Daily Management: carry out policies of prison

primary job is safety and security of the prison

• psychological
• education
• religious
• vocational
• substance abuse

• laundry
• food preparation
• staff training
• prison industries
• maintenance

the way leadership deals with and communicates with subordinate staff

the style with which staff members view and communicate with inmates

• Title VII (1972): proscribes employment discrimination based on gender
• Douthard v. Rawlinson (1977): upheld Alabama's prohibition from hiring women due to the deplorable conditions in Alabama's prisons
• Gunther v. Iowa (1979): court held that Iowa's prison s did not have deplorable conditions and refusing to hire women was in the violation of the law

• Total Insitutiton
• isolating people from society and allowing staff to manipulate them.
• this results in "institutionalized" people:
• 1) staff members supervise all spheres of an inmate's life
• 2) the environment is highly standardized with each inmate treated the same
• 3) rules and schedules dictate how inmates perform all aspects of their daily life
• he argued that these practices are degrading and problematic for inmates

• Philip Zimbardo constructed a mock prison with college students to study how a prison environment can change human behavior
• scheduled to last for two weeks, but was terminated after 7 days
• students assigned the role of guard quickly exhibited hostility toward the "inmates" by bullying them and engaging in behavior o demean them
• students who were "inmates" soon became servile, dehumanized robots

• the process by which a new inmate absorbs the customs of prison society and learns to adapt to the environment
• deprivation vs. importation
• - deprivation: much of the prison subculture stems form aspects of life of which inmates are deprived
• - importation: aspects of life inmates bring with them into prison

• inmates become socialized to the prison culture and quickly learn the inmate code
• do your own time
• be a stand-up guy
• don't rat on other inmates
• don't trust the guards
• don't exploit other inmates
• maintain dignity and respect
• settle conflict between inmates
• respect the real "cons"

• indigenous to prison vs. imported into prison
• convicts: long-term inmates, often grew up in foster homes or juvenile institutions
• thieves: inmates who have adopted a career of crime
• square johns: usually first-time offenders who identify with "traditional" society

• occurs between individual inmates
• involves personal issues

• initiated by group soy inmates
• creates prison riots and disturbances

• prison gangs (security threat groups)
• typically divided across racial/ethnic lines
• prison administrators want to weaken gang influence by
• - identifying members
• - segregating housing
• - restricting gang symbols
• - strip searches
• - monitoring mail and telephones

• use force and coercion
• violence works for them

• unable to function well
• often react with violence

• predatory, cold, calculating
• violence simply for enjoyment

• seen in prisons dating to 1960s
• controlled the violence in prison
• members usually have extensive criminal history
• often prison gangs were extensions of street gangs
• control and carry out criminal activities within the prison

• attitude and demeanor
• paranoid
• secretive
• grooming
• hair (head and facial)
• customs
• hand signs
• greetings
• phrases
• symbols
• tattoos

• aka La Eme or MS13
• late 1950s
• mexican american
• considered the most active gang
• drug trafficking
• enemies: black guerrilla family, la nuestra familia

• original formed for protection purpose from the Mexican Mafia
• rivals: mexican mafia, texas syndicate, aryan brotherhood
• symbols: 14 or XIV or sombrero with a machete
• N is the 14th letter

• 1967
• white supremacist group
• wanted to oppose the threats of Black and Hispanic gangs
• enemies: black guerrilla family, crips, bloods
• symbols: Shamrock, "AB", swastikas, "666"

• 1966
• african american
• politically oriented (marxist roots and antigovernment)
• life pledge of loyalty
• symbols: sabers, machetes, rifles, shotguns with BGF
• enemies: aryan brotherhood, texas syndicate, mexican mafia

• 1970s
• mexican american/hispanic
• originated in California
• protect Texas inmates in California
• paramilitary
• drug trafficking and contract murders
• symbol: overlapping "TS"
• enemies: aryan brotherhood, mexican mafia, la nuestra familia

• renounce membership and debrief
• isolate gang members
• disciplinary segregation
• transfer to supermax prison

• most sexual assaults in prisons occur to generate fear and to maintain control over the prison population
• sexual triangles
• - consequence of single-sex prisons
• - prohibited in prison - often not consensual

• enacted in 2003 - required prisons to collect information on the prevalence of sexual assault in prison
• prison reception - at intake, inmates advised of possibility of sexual assault; staff trained to watch for sexual aggression
• steps toward prevention - conjugal visits (allowed in 6 states) - doesn't necessarily reduce instances of homosexual activity

• many inmates in prison have drug addictions
• drugs in prison generate huge profits
• prisons try to reduce drug trafficking by
• 1) searching inmates after visits
• 2) random drug testing of inmates
• 3) frisking staff as they enter prison

• originally housed with men
• Walnut St. Jail (late 1700s) - women housed separately
• England (1816) - law passed to requite families to be supervised by female guards
• Reformatory Model - cottage-style architecture
• Present day - campus-style architecture

• inmate code not as important to female inmates
• female inmates not hesitant to talk to staff - no presumption that inmate is a "snitch"
• greater stress and depression because of separation from children

• women in prison create family relationships - "family" members attempt to live in the same housing unit
• homosexual relationships tend to involve emotional support - a large percentage of female inmates are involved in lesbian relationships
• women have a high rate of sexual victimization of other inmates

• staff and inmates remain safe from assault
• effective inmate classification systems
• control of inmate movement and accountability

• consistently implemented security
• control of contraband
• separation of unruly inmates

• assignment to work programs
• staff have direct contact with inmates
• frequent inmate counts

• movement of inmates is highly controlled
• inmates must have a pass to move within the prison

• scheduled in housing units
• ensures there are no escapes

• less formal
• conducted at work and program assignment

• occur at any time
• all inmate movement must cease

• inmates may receive contraband through mail and packages
• inmate visitors may bring contraband into prison
• inmates may gain control over items valuable in prison but should the in an inmate's possession without staff supervision
• unethical staff members may bring contraband into prison
• frequent, random searches of inmates and cells helps prison administration eliminate contraband

non-punitive confinement which houses inmates who have violated prison rules, or inmates whose safety is threatened if they remain in the general population

housing for an inmate who has been found guilty violating prison rules

• Attica 1971, New Mexico 1980, Ohio 1993
• prison riots and disturbances are rarely planned but often result from two type soy events
• 1) environmental factors that create tension such as hot weather, insufficient recreational equipment, poor food, etc.
• 2) a precipitating event, an unforeseen "spark" which sets off an inmate riot

• prison administration engage in efforts to reduce inmate unrest and minimize the possibility of precipitating events:
• - importance of managerial visibility an approachability
• - performing security audits
• - consistently enforcing all rules and regulations
• - maintaining effective communication between staff and inmates
• - providing appropriate programs and services
• - sanitation, safety, security, random contraband searches
• - sensitivity to changes in institution atmosphere
• - use risk-assessment tools to identify issues and timely correct them

• hostage negotiation teams
• disturbance control team
• special emergency responses team