AGR 282 Lecture Midterm

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems

Merkel Cells

Langerhans Cells

Integral proteins

Peripheral proteins

Act as binding site on cell surface, important for signaling

• Is NONPOLAR 
• nonpolar elements cross easily

Study of structure of the body

Study of function of the body

• Blood pressure
• Fluids
• Oxygen levels
• glucose levels 
• Acid-base balance 
• hormones 
• body temp

• Prevent desiccation 
• reduce threat of injury
• Maintain body temp
• excreates (sweat, water, salt)
• sensory organ

extensions of plasma membrane that project into extracellular space

• Shorter
• occur in greater amounts
• propel fluid, mucus, bacteria, etc away from the body

• Usually occur singularly 
• Propel the cell itself 
• longer

• Phosphate group on outside (hydrophilic)
• Lipid layer toward the inside (hydrophobic)

Receive and transmit impulses throughout the body

Provide protection to keratinocytes from UV rays by producing melanin

• Filters Biochemical 
• Covers and lines the body 
• absorb nutrients
• produce excretions and secretions

Modifies, packages, and distributes newly synthesized proteins

Digests intercellular debris

• Produces energy
• responsible for cellular respiration

Control cellular activities

Produces proteins to be used extracellularly

Synthesizes and stores lipids

• Functions as energy storage, shock absorption, and thermal insulator
• Predominately composed of adipocytes

• Most common type of connective tissue
• Supports and cushions organs

Tendons and ligaments are composed of this connective tissue

Provides support in areas that need felxibility such as for between the vertebrae and in the bladder

Work, energy to remain at a balance

Can survive on own because it does the jpb for that organism

Cells are more specialized and only perform a certain function

Produces Sebum

Aids in individual Recognition

Individual Recognition (coat feces)

• Cools the body 
• Produces sweat

Cells along the basement membrane of the epidermis that divide and produce keratin

Cells along the basement membrane that produce melanin

bone cells that are relatively inactive

Cells that produce or create cartilage

Cells that destroy or break down bone

A hard intercellular substance of collogen and minerals

Process of hardening bone

quantity of melanin produced at the base of the hair bulb

• Traction
• Defense Mechanism

• Protection to organs 
• Provide support 
• Leverage (how body moves) 
• Storage (calcium)
• Blood cell formation

Cells that create bone and therefore make the bone matrix, which is made up of minerals , collagen fibers, and proteogycan. the organelles inside osteoblasts have many ribosomes, rough ER, and goldi appartus because they modify and produce proteins that will be useful out side of the cell and become ostocytes

Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

Tiny channels through bone that allows osteocytes to contact each other and exchange nutrients and wastes

Channels that run at right angles to peristum and haversian canal

Surrounded by bone matrix

Layers of bone tissue (bone matrix and cells)

• Foramen is hole in the bone 
• Purpose is to allow nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels through the bone

• Pelvic Foramen or Obturator - has two holes to to make that region lighter 
• Vertebaral Foramen - houses spinal cord 
• Magnum Foramen - In the occipital bone which allows spinal cord to enter skull

Muscle or muscle group that directly produces a desired action

Muscle or muscle group that directly opposes the action

Muscle that contacts at the same time as a prime mover and assists in the same action of a prime mover

Muscle that stablizes joints to allow other movements to take place

Contractile unit of myofibrial

Protein present on actin filament that acts as a receptor for calcium

Protein present on actin that block cross bridge binding sites (when calcium is low), thereby preventing muscle contraction

Cross bridges present on mypsin can bind to coss bridge sites on actin

Shortening of multiple sarcomeres

The lengthening f multiple sarcomeres

Muscle attachement site that are more stable when muscle contacts

Muscle attachment site that is more flexible when muscle contracts

• Systemic 
• Pulmonary 
• Coronary

• Provides blood flow to and away from body tissues 
• Delivers oxygenated blood to body tissues 
• Delivers deoxygenated blood to heart

Delivers unoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated to the left side of the heart

Circulatory system within heart

Carry blood away from the heart

Carry blood toward the heart

• Largest artery in body
• originates from left ventricle

• Branches of the aorta 
• 2nd largest

Branches of arteries

• Microvessels, connect arterioles to 
• 1 cell thick, allows gasses and nutrients to pass into tissue easily

Branches of vein

Branches of vena cavae

• Largest veins in body 
• 2 Vena Cavae 
• Empty into right atrium

• Cranial vena cavae 
• Caudal vena cavae

• Right Atrium
• Right Ventricle 
• Left Atrium
• Left Ventricle

Receive deoxygenated blood from vena cavae

Pump deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation

Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation

Pumps oxygenated blood into aorta

• Rt atrium 
• Right ventricle 
• Pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary arterioles 
• Pulmonary capillaries 
• Pulmonary venules 
• Pulmonary veins 
• Left atrium 
• Left ventricle 
• Aorta 
• Arteries 
• Arterioles 
• Capillaries 
• Venules 
• Veins 
• Vena Cavae

• Right atrioventricular valve 
• Pulmonary Valve 
• Left atrioventricular valve 
• Aortic Valve

• between right atrium and right ventricle 
• AKA right A-V valve and tricuspid valve

Between Right ventricle and pulmonary artery

between left ventricle and aorta

between left atrium and left ventricle

Complete contraction and relaxation of the heart

Part of cardiac cycle associated with contraction of atria and ventricles and ejection of blood into arterial system

Part of cardiac cycle associated with relaxation of atria and ventricles and filling of chambers with blood