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Paleartic Realm
- -Largest realm
- -all of Russia, china, Europe, north africa, middle east
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Tundra
- -areas of extreme cold
- ·2 seasons (cold, and moderately not cold which is summer
- ·no trees, extremely short growing seasons
- ·snow and ice is present much of the time
- ·really limits animal bio diversity
- ·some animals don’t even exist (NO AMPHIBIANS)
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Taiga
- -Boreal forest
- ·Same as Boreal forest because that’s how Canadians refer to theres
- ·TAIGA = called that in Russia
- ·Quite cold and lots of evergreen trees which needles can stay on because waxy coating protects them
- ·Have 2 actual seasons (Winter and Summer)
- ·Longer seasons than Tundra (very short seasons)
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
- · Mixed forest (forests we have in northeast US)
- · Have four distinct seasons
- · Trees lose their leaves
- · Also area where you find animals that hibernate
- · More problematic than losing the rainforest
- · Lots of diversity in animal kingdom
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Grassland
- · Dominant with grass, lots of grass
- · A few trees but not a lot of trees
- · WOODLAND = see in movies
- · Lots of grazers and large carnivores (that prey on unguila
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Chaparral
- -woodland shrub
- · UCLA campus
- · Mediterranean
- · Very much woodland scrub, and chaparral
- · Plants that are hearty and have waxy leaves
- · Pine trees,
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Desert
- · Lots and lots of deserts in this realm
- · Top 3 classic deserts
- · 3 million square miles and expanding everyday
- · Arabian desert is a million square miles (GOBY is half a million square miles in Mongolia, and China)
- · Doesnt not include Himalayas (Himalayas are border)
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Mountains
- · Does not include Himalayas (that’s the realm border)
- · Yuraj mountains and Swiss alps are included
- · Lots of bio diversity because realm is so vast
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Biomes are determined by
plants and climate
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Laurasia
-combination of modern day north America and Eurasia
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Bering Strait
- -50 miles apart between Russia and Alaska
- -great migration of animals
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Bering Land bridge
- -west side of US, EAST of RUSSIA
- · Missing from traditional maps
- · Absolutely possible if you live near the coast, it is indeed possible to stand on your porch on Alaska and look across and see Russia
- · Now there is sea between Russia and Alaska
- · 59 miles apart (from Irvine, to LA)
- · Easy for birds
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Polar bears
- CLIMATE CHANGE BECOMING BIG PROBLEM
- · Travel back and forth in search for food
- · And arctic fox is in this area
- · Very good swimmers but they need to rest, and sit on ice
- · Need big chunks of ice so they don’t get exhausted while looking for food
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Artic Fox Climate Change
- · They are being badly impacted by climate change because they change color in Spring based on the length of the day
- · Not based on how much snow is on the ground
- · Length of day x season makes them brownish
- · If they are turning brown they would be easily to be seen if there was snow on the ground
- · But because they remain white way after the snow is melted, they are easy pray for other carnivores
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Walrus
- -use region around strait
- · Also an animal that is being badly impacted by climate change
- · 10,000 walrus’s picture is comedy (called a hall out)
- · A) to rest, and b) to gather
- · More likely to catch disease
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Musk ox
- · Used to occur on both sides of strait
- · Hunted to exctinction in Russia
- · By late 1800’s they were all gone from Russia
- · There are small populations
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Why is latitude orientation important?
it allows the freedom of movement in the realms
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What are some characteristics/requirements for domestication?
- 1.Flexible diet
- -can not be picky eater
- 2. Rapid growth rate
- 3. Ability to breed in captivity
- 4. Non-aggressive
- 5. Won't flee.
- -cant be easily scared
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how many animals have been truly domesticated?
12
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Which was the first domesticated animal?
the dog
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Sheep
- -first domesticated animal for food
- · Used dogs to get to sheep
- · Dogs helped with the herding
- · All in middle east
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Pigs were first domesticated in
-domesticated in China
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Cows were first domesticated in
- -Every cow on the planet today was manufactured by humans
- -does not occur in wild
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Horses were first domesticated in
-mongolia
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Donkeys were first domesticated in
-African desert
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Cats were domesticated to
to help rodent problems
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Silkworm domestication
- · Only insect that is fully domesticated (chinese)
- · They are so domesticated that they cannot be returned to the wild
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2 animals that are sort of domesticated animals:
- 1) Honey bee
- · valuable as a pollinator
- · worker animal
- 2) Pidgeon
- · took pictures during world war 2
- · first remote sensing in history
- · food
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we consider the honey bee and pidgeon domesticated because
they do jobs for us
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Biodiversity Hotspots and pollution
- · Huge swaths are lightly polluted
- · Lots of habitats cant be hotspots due to dam building and trees being cut down
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Mediterranean Basin
- -hotspot
- · 8,000 years of human settlement and habitat modification
- · 2nd longest civilization center in the world
- · single civilization that wasn’t bothered
- · the largest is China
- -home to over 220 terrestrial species and 25 are endemic
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What are some of the animals that are often found in Mediterranean climates?
- -"disc tongue" frog; 11 species are endemic to the region
- -1/3 of salamanders
- -tortoises and turtles
- -gibraltar ape
- -iberian lynx
- -jaguar,
- -mediterranean monk seal,
- -barbary deer
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Disc Tongued Frog
- -Found in mediterranean region
- -TOUNGE DOESN'T EXTEND, captures insects w/ mouth & hands.
- -Relic species(relics of what used to be larger group)
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Relic species
- -hasn't changed overtime
- -most extinct because of human conflict
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Monk seal
- -flagship species
- -extremely endangered
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Barbary or Gibraltar ape
- -the only ape of Europe
- · Mountain ranges of Morocco and Algeria
- · found mainly on island of Gibraltar
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MOUNTAINS OF SW CHINA
- · Pretty dramatic variations of climate and topography from highest regions to the lowest
- · These mountains are considered a hotspot bc they have a really wide array of habitats
- · Have some of the most remarkable endemic species in the world
- · Over hunting, firewood collection, damming, etc are affecting the biodiversity in the region
- · The damming of the ganjes river has caused many problems
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Panda History
- · Roosevelts go to China to hunt pandas in 1920’s
- · They kill a panda and bring back dead panda
- · So, western hunters started flooding over to China to go panda hunting
- · Lady goes with hunters to China and find baby panda
- · She decides to smuggle it back in US and keep it as a pet
- · Problem, she couldn’t figure out how to keep it alive
- · Gives it to Zoo in Chicago and everyone goes to see it
- · PANDA DIES in under a year
- · Ruth is universally acknowledged for starting this Pandemonium
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Problem with panda from evolutionary point of view
- · People are the ones keeping pandas alive
- · If people weren’t on this planet, pandas would be going extinct
- 1) pandas don’t like eachother at all
- 2) they don’t wana be together
- 3) They don’t like SEX at all
- 4) Pandas only ovulate once a year (shes only fertile for 2-3 days a year)
- 5) they can only have offspring every 2 years (they are only fertile for 16 years)
- 6) which means a female is only able to have a total of 8 offspring
- 7) the chance of them getting pregnant is very small
- 8) they are the size of a stick of butter and get rolled and crushed frequently by the parents
- 9) they have twins bc of high likelihood that one will die
- 10) Once they get old enough to eat, they eat bamboo
- 11) 99% of pandas diet is bamboo leaves and shoots
- 12) pandas digestive system is carnivorous
- 13) Panda does not move around a lot bc it has low energy from eating bamboo
- 14) 60 species of bamboo that the panda can eat
- 15) pandas have to consume about 30 pounds of bamboo everyday to stay full
- 16) spend 16 hours a day just eating
- 17) every bamboo species dies out after 100 years
- 18) for how much time and money we spend on pandas, there are more species that are greater meaning to the environment than the pandas
- 19)pandas are one animal that are not helping the environment
- -not spreading seeds
- -not controlling anything
- -nobody eats them
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Golden Snub Nosed Monkey
- · Are unique that there food source is lichens
- · Help spread lichens and are important in ecosystem
- · They aid in stabilizing soils
- · ENDEMIC and important to the region
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Sichuan Takin
- · Goat antelope that is related to sheep
- · Can be 4 feet tall and can weigh 600 pounds
- · ENDEMIC and important to the region
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Pheasant
- -bird
- -greatest number of pheasants in the world in this region
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Snow leopard
- -spread across entire realm in small numbers
- -more related to tigers than leopards
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Red (or lesser) Panda
- · One similiarlty to the panda is that they eat same as panda and they cannot digest
- · WHAT MAKES THEM DIFFERENT is that they also eat other food, mushrooms, insects, fish, lichens, small mammals, birds, etc
- Conservation:
- · Species that was wide spread and north America came across
- · Interesting to see how this species came
- · In india they successfully reproduced these and gave them food
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Caucasus
- -new bio hotspot
- -rugged landscape a lot of species
- - In Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran, Armenia
- -lots of conflict going on which is problematic to the animals
- -lots of illegal hunting up in mountains
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Beluga Sturgeon
- -largest freshwater fish in Europe
- -16-26ft long, 700lbs
- · Very slow growing and are APEX predators
- · Very large and feed on other fish
- · Will eat seals and birds
- · Don’t mature for 10-15 years
- · Over harvesting of Caviar has caused 90% decline in beluga sturgeon population
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Lamprey
- -have mean set of teeth and suck insides out of fish
- -Manage to travel from Caspian sea to our shores
- -3 species of lampreys that occur in this hot spot
- -evolutionary they are there to control populations of other fish
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